{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1535464598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44871-6_122","title":"Smoothing Techniques for Tree-k-Grammar-Based Natural Language Modeling","display_name":"Smoothing Techniques for Tree-k-Grammar-Based Natural Language Modeling","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1535464598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44871-6_122","mag":"1535464598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-540-44871-6_122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44871-6_122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019326076","display_name":"Jose L. Verd\u00fa-Mas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130194489","display_name":"University of Alicante","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8bcz72","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jose L. Verd\u00fa-Mas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Inform\u00e0tics, Universitat d\u2019Alacant, E-03071, Alacant, Spain","Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Inform\u00e0tics, Universitat d'Alacant, E-03071, Alacant, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Inform\u00e0tics, Universitat d\u2019Alacant, E-03071, Alacant, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Inform\u00e0tics, Universitat d'Alacant, E-03071, Alacant, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071843532","display_name":"Jorge Calera-Rubio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130194489","display_name":"University of Alicante","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8bcz72","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Calera-Rubio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Inform\u00e0tics, Universitat d\u2019Alacant, E-03071, Alacant, Spain","Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Inform\u00e0tics, Universitat d'Alacant, E-03071, Alacant, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Inform\u00e0tics, Universitat d\u2019Alacant, E-03071, Alacant, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Inform\u00e0tics, Universitat d'Alacant, E-03071, Alacant, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040165184","display_name":"Rafael C. Carrasco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-9694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130194489","display_name":"University of Alicante","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8bcz72","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael C. Carrasco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Inform\u00e0tics, Universitat d\u2019Alacant, E-03071, Alacant, Spain","Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Inform\u00e0tics, Universitat d'Alacant, E-03071, Alacant, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Inform\u00e0tics, Universitat d\u2019Alacant, E-03071, Alacant, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Inform\u00e0tics, Universitat d'Alacant, E-03071, Alacant, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019326076"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2761,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5353472,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1057","last_page":"1065"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perplexity","display_name":"Perplexity","score":0.8556221723556519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8473802804946899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.6859065294265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5641210079193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5615085959434509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.5495256185531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.5377147197723389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5203004479408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.51813805103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5109013915061951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/top-down-parsing-language","display_name":"Top-down parsing language","score":0.4908817410469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/top-down-parsing","display_name":"Top-down parsing","score":0.47296375036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4387488067150116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4041348993778229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3359188437461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottom-up-parsing","display_name":"Bottom-up parsing","score":0.23477089405059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10017761588096619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.0735013484954834}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100279451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372193","display_name":"Perplexity","level":3,"score":0.8556221723556519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8473802804946899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.6859065294265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5641210079193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5615085959434509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.5495256185531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.5377147197723389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5203004479408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.51813805103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5109013915061951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166651950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7824365","display_name":"Top-down parsing language","level":5,"score":0.4908817410469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42560504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15419395","display_name":"Top-down parsing","level":3,"score":0.47296375036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4387488067150116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4041348993778229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3359188437461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60690694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q894902","display_name":"Bottom-up parsing","level":4,"score":0.23477089405059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10017761588096619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0735013484954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-540-44871-6_122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44871-6_122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.144.4683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.144.4683","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.dlsi.ua.es/~carrasco/papers/ibpria03.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489381599","https://openalex.org/W1551104980","https://openalex.org/W1574901103","https://openalex.org/W1589170661","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1955233831","https://openalex.org/W1999406522","https://openalex.org/W2087165009","https://openalex.org/W2099345940","https://openalex.org/W2115407249","https://openalex.org/W2121227244","https://openalex.org/W2129694425","https://openalex.org/W2161204834","https://openalex.org/W2950186769","https://openalex.org/W4234159136","https://openalex.org/W4241850027","https://openalex.org/W4376544279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2169518243","https://openalex.org/W2252095989","https://openalex.org/W4322096525","https://openalex.org/W2551914602","https://openalex.org/W4281893144","https://openalex.org/W2105076537","https://openalex.org/W2787311093","https://openalex.org/W2921174581","https://openalex.org/W2952217394","https://openalex.org/W2123893795"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}