{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4255295026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30222-3_1","title":"Introduction","display_name":"Introduction","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4255295026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30222-3_1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30222-3_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30222-3_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111768991","display_name":"Julio A. Gonzalo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178450904","display_name":"Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia","ror":"https://ror.org/02msb5n36","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julio Gonzalo","raw_affiliation_strings":["No Affiliations,","UNED, c/Juan del Rosal, 16, 28040, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"No Affiliations,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNED, c/Juan del Rosal, 16, 28040, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036058339","display_name":"C Peters","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carol Peters","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISTI-CNR, Area di Ricerca, 56124, Pisa, Italy","ISTI-CNR, Area di Ricerca, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISTI-CNR, Area di Ricerca, 56124, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISTI-CNR, Area di Ricerca, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10759","display_name":"Translation Studies and Practices","score":0.6037999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10759","display_name":"Translation Studies and Practices","score":0.6037999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12542","display_name":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.5746999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.5641999840736389,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clef","display_name":"Clef","score":0.8942058086395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.886920690536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.6236468553543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.598028838634491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5531724691390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-domain","display_name":"Open domain","score":0.48217907547950745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4575551748275757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volume","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","score":0.45607995986938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.45234882831573486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107763842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181040","display_name":"Clef","level":3,"score":0.8942058086395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.886920690536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6236468553543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.598028838634491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5531724691390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993776861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Open domain","level":3,"score":0.48217907547950745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4575551748275757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.45607995986938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.45234882831573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30222-3_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30222-3_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W182025740","https://openalex.org/W1809817947","https://openalex.org/W2149348622","https://openalex.org/W2168375594","https://openalex.org/W2396044781","https://openalex.org/W1989894969","https://openalex.org/W2391533720","https://openalex.org/W2951097643","https://openalex.org/W118585533","https://openalex.org/W151642146"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}