{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912088041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99004-0_6","title":"Training, Enhancing, Evaluating and Using MT Systems with Comparable Data","display_name":"Training, Enhancing, Evaluating and Using MT Systems with Comparable Data","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912088041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99004-0_6","mag":"2912088041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99004-0_6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99004-0_6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206418","display_name":"Theory and applications of natural language processing","issn_l":"2192-032X","issn":["2192-032X","2192-0338"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theory and Applications of Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002362963","display_name":"Bogdan Babych","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1872-1677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan Babych","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Modern Languages & Cultures, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Modern Languages & Cultures, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101507028","display_name":"Yu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6868-5622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802442800","display_name":"Deutsches Forschungsnetz","ror":"https://ror.org/038t94116","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802442800"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsche Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI), Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsche Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI), Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802442800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063975847","display_name":"Andreas Eisele","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802442800","display_name":"Deutsches Forschungsnetz","ror":"https://ror.org/038t94116","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802442800"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Eisele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsche Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI), Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsche Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI), Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802442800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010435586","display_name":"Sabine Hunsicker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802442800","display_name":"Deutsches Forschungsnetz","ror":"https://ror.org/038t94116","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802442800"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabine Hunsicker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsche Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI), Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsche Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI), Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802442800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071261172","display_name":"M\u0101rcis Pinnis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6832-5600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146923","display_name":"Tilde (Latvia)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jcesj83","country_code":"LV","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146923"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u0101rcis Pinnis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tilde, Riga, Latvia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tilde, Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146923"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049042452","display_name":"Inguna Skadi\u0146a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4787-7099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146923","display_name":"Tilde (Latvia)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jcesj83","country_code":"LV","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146923"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inguna Skadi\u0146a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tilde, Riga, Latvia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tilde, Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146923"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019587984","display_name":"Raivis Skadi\u0146\u0161","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0929-2380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146923","display_name":"Tilde (Latvia)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jcesj83","country_code":"LV","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146923"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raivis Skadi\u0146\u0161","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tilde, Riga, Latvia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tilde, Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146923"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071865920","display_name":"Gregor Thurmair","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123862","display_name":"Linguatec (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/036h6da34","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123862"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregor Thurmair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Linguatec, M\u00fcnchen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Linguatec, M\u00fcnchen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123862"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081337078","display_name":"Andrejs Vasi\u013cjevs","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146923","display_name":"Tilde (Latvia)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jcesj83","country_code":"LV","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146923"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrejs Vasi\u013cjevs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tilde , Riga, Latvia","Tilde, Riga, Latvia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tilde , Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146923"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tilde, Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146923"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088193174","display_name":"Mateja Verli\u010d","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mateja Verlic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zemanta, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zemanta, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100362800","display_name":"Xiaojun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3993-0478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802442800","display_name":"Deutsches Forschungsnetz","ror":"https://ror.org/038t94116","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802442800"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsche Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI), Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsche Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI), Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802442800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02301449,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"189","last_page":"254"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8284900188446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.8066458106040955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminology","display_name":"Terminology","score":0.78363037109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7245022654533386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6416640281677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5896981358528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5287292003631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation-system","display_name":"Machine translation system","score":0.5000817775726318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.45089414715766907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.4348779618740082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35798606276512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.06556877493858337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06387653946876526}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8284900188446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.8066458106040955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.78363037109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7245022654533386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6416640281677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5896981358528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5287292003631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986258472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation system","level":3,"score":0.5000817775726318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.45089414715766907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.4348779618740082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35798606276512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.06556877493858337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06387653946876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99004-0_6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99004-0_6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206418","display_name":"Theory and applications of natural language processing","issn_l":"2192-032X","issn":["2192-032X","2192-0338"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theory and Applications of Natural Language Processing","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67077090","https://openalex.org/W78891276","https://openalex.org/W98191119","https://openalex.org/W137708332","https://openalex.org/W163671555","https://openalex.org/W177193280","https://openalex.org/W187512207","https://openalex.org/W630532510","https://openalex.org/W635530177","https://openalex.org/W1508577659","https://openalex.org/W1515844795","https://openalex.org/W1562458182","https://openalex.org/W1569117599","https://openalex.org/W1625582487","https://openalex.org/W1872443190","https://openalex.org/W1967169497","https://openalex.org/W1971541339","https://openalex.org/W1973152633","https://openalex.org/W1977094832","https://openalex.org/W2018414919","https://openalex.org/W2018869373","https://openalex.org/W2032355794","https://openalex.org/W2039934856","https://openalex.org/W2043646109","https://openalex.org/W2046974729","https://openalex.org/W2049606520","https://openalex.org/W2057235967","https://openalex.org/W2065565011","https://openalex.org/W2078861931","https://openalex.org/W2096554363","https://openalex.org/W2100050071","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2101336838","https://openalex.org/W2107695330","https://openalex.org/W2115081467","https://openalex.org/W2123301721","https://openalex.org/W2124807415","https://openalex.org/W2128951443","https://openalex.org/W2129840547","https://openalex.org/W2137387514","https://openalex.org/W2141068210","https://openalex.org/W2144211451","https://openalex.org/W2146574666","https://openalex.org/W2149327368","https://openalex.org/W2149862961","https://openalex.org/W2154590816","https://openalex.org/W2155233135","https://openalex.org/W2169128753","https://openalex.org/W2169836073","https://openalex.org/W2186514743","https://openalex.org/W2250952196","https://openalex.org/W2252098857","https://openalex.org/W2294051307","https://openalex.org/W2295027688","https://openalex.org/W2295097484","https://openalex.org/W2322902172","https://openalex.org/W2398164674","https://openalex.org/W2408503330","https://openalex.org/W2444049285","https://openalex.org/W2539869562","https://openalex.org/W2903193068","https://openalex.org/W3037252522","https://openalex.org/W3098563674","https://openalex.org/W3104922922","https://openalex.org/W3167478343","https://openalex.org/W3197906698","https://openalex.org/W3202724003","https://openalex.org/W6800798622","https://openalex.org/W6898505805","https://openalex.org/W6980915108","https://openalex.org/W7051469422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883671469","https://openalex.org/W2728761353","https://openalex.org/W2890508380","https://openalex.org/W2985371315","https://openalex.org/W2917029047","https://openalex.org/W2061528982","https://openalex.org/W2972060578","https://openalex.org/W4285877427","https://openalex.org/W783305165","https://openalex.org/W4391982595"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}