{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2795079738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89722-6_9","title":"SoK: Unraveling Bitcoin Smart Contracts","display_name":"SoK: Unraveling Bitcoin Smart Contracts","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2795079738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89722-6_9","mag":"2795079738"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89722-6_9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89722-6_9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-89722-6_9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-89722-6_9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045398384","display_name":"Nicola Atzei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2082-4093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Atzei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050606239","display_name":"Massimo Bartoletti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3796-9774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Bartoletti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025088063","display_name":"Tiziana Cimoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-4527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiziana Cimoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021056203","display_name":"Stefano Lande","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0551-0790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Lande","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003560156","display_name":"Roberto Zunino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9630-429X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Zunino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy","Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045398384"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":22.2926,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99645899,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"217","last_page":"242"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8113799095153809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.6644418239593506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.617238461971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/currency","display_name":"Currency","score":0.5651965737342834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.5507194399833679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.5160412788391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-currency","display_name":"Virtual currency","score":0.458763062953949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-currency","display_name":"Digital currency","score":0.41521376371383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.2785719633102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.253592848777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15589454770088196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.0836654007434845}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8113799095153809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6644418239593506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.617238461971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141121606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8142","display_name":"Currency","level":2,"score":0.5651965737342834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.5507194399833679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.5160412788391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112083","display_name":"Virtual currency","level":3,"score":0.458763062953949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48220719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Digital currency","level":3,"score":0.41521376371383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.2785719633102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.253592848777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15589454770088196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.0836654007434845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89722-6_9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89722-6_9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-89722-6_9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/251263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11584/251263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196293","display_name":"UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","host_organization_name":"University of Cagliari","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/212219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-89722-6_9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89722-6_9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89722-6_9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-89722-6_9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3805106092","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P.O.R. Sardegna F.S.E.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326069","funder_display_name":"Regione Autonoma della Sardegna"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326069","display_name":"Regione Autonoma della Sardegna","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2795079738.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2795079738.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4993390","https://openalex.org/W111114747","https://openalex.org/W1512699878","https://openalex.org/W1907293129","https://openalex.org/W1941810624","https://openalex.org/W1962072139","https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W2020218923","https://openalex.org/W2024839355","https://openalex.org/W2031015560","https://openalex.org/W2044858321","https://openalex.org/W2050209678","https://openalex.org/W2143783692","https://openalex.org/W2150509722","https://openalex.org/W2293230997","https://openalex.org/W2302922559","https://openalex.org/W2519202739","https://openalex.org/W2538848838","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2562143764","https://openalex.org/W2567541028","https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2611719544","https://openalex.org/W2745683417","https://openalex.org/W2769024975","https://openalex.org/W2769156961","https://openalex.org/W2769609281","https://openalex.org/W2770587351","https://openalex.org/W2913157813","https://openalex.org/W2971097497","https://openalex.org/W3101321551","https://openalex.org/W3104323850","https://openalex.org/W4240347887","https://openalex.org/W4245077717","https://openalex.org/W4250338296"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365797016","https://openalex.org/W4283218654","https://openalex.org/W4389282997","https://openalex.org/W4280585582","https://openalex.org/W4293010059","https://openalex.org/W1950719656","https://openalex.org/W3184163161","https://openalex.org/W2784375390","https://openalex.org/W3082259031","https://openalex.org/W4380624066"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Albeit":[0],"the":[1,46,62,71,76,84,94,149,159],"primary":[2],"usage":[3],"of":[4,24,52,68,86,104,151],"Bitcoin":[5,56,89],"is":[6,115],"to":[7,19,41,93,130,148],"exchange":[8],"currency,":[9],"its":[10],"blockchain":[11],"and":[12,65,83,156],"consensus":[13],"mechanism":[14],"can":[15,35],"also":[16,127],"be":[17,36],"exploited":[18],"securely":[20],"execute":[21],"some":[22,132,146],"forms":[23],"smart":[25,53,105,124,152],"contracts.":[26],"These":[27],"are":[28],"agreements":[29],"among":[30],"mutually":[31],"distrusting":[32],"parties,":[33],"which":[34,126],"automatically":[37],"enforced":[38],"without":[39],"resorting":[40],"a":[42,50,101,110,118,139],"trusted":[43],"intermediary.":[44],"Over":[45],"last":[47],"few":[48],"years":[49],"variety":[51],"contracts":[54,106,153],"for":[55,123],"have":[57],"been":[58],"proposed,":[59],"both":[60],"by":[61,66],"academic":[63],"community":[64],"that":[67],"developers.":[69],"However,":[70],"heterogeneity":[72],"in":[73,109,134],"their":[74],"treatment,":[75],"informal":[77,136],"(often":[78],"incomplete":[79],"or":[80],"imprecise)":[81],"descriptions,":[82,137],"use":[85],"poorly":[87],"documented":[88],"features,":[90],"pose":[91],"obstacles":[92,147],"research.":[95],"In":[96],"this":[97],"paper":[98],"we":[99,157],"present":[100],"comprehensive":[102],"survey":[103],"on":[107,117,154],"Bitcoin,":[108,155],"uniform":[111],"framework.":[112],"Our":[113],"treatment":[114],"based":[116],"new":[119],"formal":[120],"specification":[121],"language":[122],"contracts,":[125],"helps":[128],"us":[129],"highlight":[131],"subtleties":[133],"existing":[135],"making":[138],"step":[140],"towards":[141],"automatic":[142],"verification.":[143],"We":[144],"discuss":[145],"diffusion":[150],"identify":[158],"most":[160],"promising":[161],"open":[162],"research":[163],"challenges.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
