{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2781543409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73706-5_16","title":"Token Level Code-Switching Detection Using Wikipedia as a Lexical Resource","display_name":"Token Level Code-Switching Detection Using Wikipedia as a Lexical Resource","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2781543409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73706-5_16","mag":"2781543409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73706-5_16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73706-5_16","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-73706-5_16.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-73706-5_16.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036671154","display_name":"Daniel Claeser","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166245","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics","ror":"https://ror.org/05nn0gw40","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Claeser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer FKIE, Fraunhoferstra\u00dfe 20, 53343, Wachtberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer FKIE, Fraunhoferstra\u00dfe 20, 53343, Wachtberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074090678","display_name":"Dennis Felske","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166245","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics","ror":"https://ror.org/05nn0gw40","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Felske","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer FKIE, Fraunhoferstra\u00dfe 20, 53343, Wachtberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer FKIE, Fraunhoferstra\u00dfe 20, 53343, Wachtberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013226666","display_name":"Samantha Kent","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166245","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics","ror":"https://ror.org/05nn0gw40","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samantha Kent","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer FKIE, Fraunhoferstra\u00dfe 20, 53343, Wachtberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer FKIE, Fraunhoferstra\u00dfe 20, 53343, Wachtberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036671154"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":1.36,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83343529,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"192","last_page":"198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13155","display_name":"Digital Communication and Language","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8966996669769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.7512571811676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-analysis","display_name":"Lexical analysis","score":0.49685028195381165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-switching","display_name":"Code-switching","score":0.49560797214508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4515702426433563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4509533941745758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.43610650300979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4196825623512268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36587607860565186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15799576044082642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.14264777302742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.08327171206474304}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8966996669769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.7512571811676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176982825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835922","display_name":"Lexical analysis","level":2,"score":0.49685028195381165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18552078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255615","display_name":"Code-switching","level":2,"score":0.49560797214508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4515702426433563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4509533941745758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.43610650300979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4196825623512268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36587607860565186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15799576044082642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.14264777302742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08327171206474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73706-5_16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73706-5_16","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-73706-5_16.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-481323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-481323.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer FKIE","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/399397","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/399397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73706-5_16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73706-5_16","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-73706-5_16.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2781543409.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2781543409.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2144433441","https://openalex.org/W2168708086","https://openalex.org/W2250890967","https://openalex.org/W2251149908","https://openalex.org/W2560987006","https://openalex.org/W2563425528","https://openalex.org/W2566026285","https://openalex.org/W2578870357","https://openalex.org/W4237155282"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037450062","https://openalex.org/W1690232763","https://openalex.org/W1493753405","https://openalex.org/W2384847609","https://openalex.org/W2889764925","https://openalex.org/W1522113126","https://openalex.org/W109786981","https://openalex.org/W2806128650","https://openalex.org/W2950896474","https://openalex.org/W2952018704"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,30],"present":[1],"a":[2,18],"novel":[3],"lexicon-based":[4],"classification":[5],"approach":[6,63],"for":[7,49],"code-switching":[8],"detection":[9],"on":[10,24,69],"Twitter.":[11],"The":[12,43],"main":[13],"aim":[14],"is":[15,64],"to":[16],"develop":[17],"simple":[19],"lexical":[20],"look-up":[21],"classifier":[22,33],"based":[23,67],"frequency":[25,71],"information":[26],"retrieved":[27],"from":[28],"Wikipedia.":[29],"evaluate":[31],"the":[32,57,62],"using":[34],"three":[35],"different":[36],"language":[37],"pairs:":[38],"Spanish-English,":[39],"Dutch-English,":[40],"and":[41,66],"German-Turkish.":[42],"results":[44],"indicate":[45],"that":[46],"our":[47],"figures":[48],"Spanish-English":[50],"are":[51],"competitive":[52],"with":[53],"current":[54],"state":[55],"of":[56],"art":[58],"classifiers,":[59],"even":[60],"though":[61],"simplistic":[65],"solely":[68],"word":[70],"information.":[72]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}