{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2613532647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64107-2_21","title":"The Case for an Ethical Black Box","display_name":"The Case for an Ethical Black Box","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2613532647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64107-2_21","mag":"2613532647"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64107-2_21","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64107-2_21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ed6cd0ec-1cc9-453e-9b8d-48807a2ceebc","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020850821","display_name":"Alan Winfield","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1476-3127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178535277","display_name":"University of the West of England","ror":"https://ror.org/02nwg5t34","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161128","display_name":"Bristol Robotics Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/056sbyc67","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161128"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alan F. T. Winfield","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bristol Robotics Lab, University of the West of England, Bristol, England"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bristol Robotics Lab, University of the West of England, Bristol, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161128","https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023741875","display_name":"Marina Jirotka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6088-3955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marina Jirotka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, England"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020850821"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277","https://openalex.org/I4210161128"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":37.2252,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99807012,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"262","last_page":"273"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.9542999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.9109455347061157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.863257884979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.7247915267944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6805324554443359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"Accountability","score":0.6351928114891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5241751074790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-issues","display_name":"Ethical issues","score":0.4547015130519867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.37397563457489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34183114767074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.21940121054649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.20824214816093445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1096327006816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10110348463058472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07297292351722717}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.9109455347061157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.863257884979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.7247915267944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6805324554443359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.6351928114891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5241751074790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986663376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9465","display_name":"Ethical issues","level":2,"score":0.4547015130519867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37397563457489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34183114767074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.21940121054649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.20824214816093445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1096327006816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10110348463058472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07297292351722717}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64107-2_21","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64107-2_21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:ed6cd0ec-1cc9-453e-9b8d-48807a2ceebc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ed6cd0ec-1cc9-453e-9b8d-48807a2ceebc","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.uwe.ac.uk:31760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/31760/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401464","display_name":"UWE Research Repository (UWE Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I178535277","host_organization_name":"University of the West of England","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Book Section"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:ed6cd0ec-1cc9-453e-9b8d-48807a2ceebc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ed6cd0ec-1cc9-453e-9b8d-48807a2ceebc","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference item"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4802262433","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/J000019/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8017121666","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L024861/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2613532647.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2613532647.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24571089","https://openalex.org/W100785191","https://openalex.org/W336785601","https://openalex.org/W612400658","https://openalex.org/W842190952","https://openalex.org/W1489235397","https://openalex.org/W1572665971","https://openalex.org/W1652981668","https://openalex.org/W1768994003","https://openalex.org/W1772262888","https://openalex.org/W1969004079","https://openalex.org/W1971757664","https://openalex.org/W1979012218","https://openalex.org/W2130661992","https://openalex.org/W2139724273","https://openalex.org/W2145813134","https://openalex.org/W2149777266","https://openalex.org/W2220500481","https://openalex.org/W2294750444","https://openalex.org/W2466381818","https://openalex.org/W2486773817","https://openalex.org/W2510955516","https://openalex.org/W2584919286","https://openalex.org/W2600708160","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W4234592656","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2494121465","https://openalex.org/W4377233172","https://openalex.org/W1854749775","https://openalex.org/W4312971597","https://openalex.org/W2129556718","https://openalex.org/W1970818898","https://openalex.org/W2350665531","https://openalex.org/W2906160980","https://openalex.org/W2154949144","https://openalex.org/W3199802296"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}