{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2465235611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31676-5_17","title":"Answer Type Identification for Question Answering","display_name":"Answer Type Identification for Question Answering","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2465235611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31676-5_17","mag":"2465235611"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31676-5_17","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31676-5_17","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103696295","display_name":"Andrew D. Walker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew D. Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021213146","display_name":"Panos Alexopoulos","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panos Alexopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Expert System, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Expert System, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055831726","display_name":"Andrew Starkey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1797-8737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Starkey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066422711","display_name":"Jeff Z. Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9779-2088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Z. Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom","University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011911779","display_name":"Jose Manu\u00e9l G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5491-6431"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Expert System, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Expert System, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012073793","display_name":"Advaith Siddharthan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0796-8826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Advaith Siddharthan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103696295"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3386,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52014728,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"235","last_page":"251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.8757669925689697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8375047445297241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extant-taxon","display_name":"Extant taxon","score":0.7349966764450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.68729168176651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.6803016662597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6719767451286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6527137160301208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6368911862373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.491820365190506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.4825684130191803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.35364508628845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09679111838340759}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.8757669925689697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8375047445297241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178300618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1898509","display_name":"Extant taxon","level":2,"score":0.7349966764450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.68729168176651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.6803016662597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6719767451286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6527137160301208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6368911862373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.491820365190506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4825684130191803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.35364508628845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09679111838340759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31676-5_17","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31676-5_17","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18768327","https://openalex.org/W142867237","https://openalex.org/W161113304","https://openalex.org/W332278650","https://openalex.org/W1506013151","https://openalex.org/W1508977358","https://openalex.org/W1558788122","https://openalex.org/W1565468982","https://openalex.org/W1605206258","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1776056560","https://openalex.org/W1979065383","https://openalex.org/W1979263599","https://openalex.org/W2036001619","https://openalex.org/W2036962680","https://openalex.org/W2054470867","https://openalex.org/W2061141062","https://openalex.org/W2066636486","https://openalex.org/W2070246124","https://openalex.org/W2081402703","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2091707972","https://openalex.org/W2119954850","https://openalex.org/W2126359798","https://openalex.org/W2136671004","https://openalex.org/W2165467455","https://openalex.org/W2169528473","https://openalex.org/W2185907055","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2790763344","https://openalex.org/W4239696231"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3016239368","https://openalex.org/W2353179089","https://openalex.org/W2402755139","https://openalex.org/W2384605597","https://openalex.org/W2923538289","https://openalex.org/W2353125546","https://openalex.org/W4290948148","https://openalex.org/W2470643824","https://openalex.org/W4400595174","https://openalex.org/W4249944690"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}