{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2294360426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_40","title":"Regressor Based Estimation of the Eye Pupil Center","display_name":"Regressor Based Estimation of the Eye Pupil Center","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2294360426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_40","mag":"2294360426"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_40","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_40","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_40","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076271056","display_name":"Necmeddin Said Karakoc","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109297418","display_name":"Gebze Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sdnnq10","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109297418"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Necmeddin Said Karakoc","raw_affiliation_strings":["GTU Vision Lab, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GTU Vision Lab, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109297418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111520349","display_name":"\u015eamil Karahan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109297418","display_name":"Gebze Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sdnnq10","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109297418"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samil Karahan","raw_affiliation_strings":["GTU Vision Lab, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GTU Vision Lab, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109297418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076768060","display_name":"Yusuf Sinan Akg\u00fcl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8501-4812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109297418","display_name":"Gebze Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sdnnq10","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109297418"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusuf Sinan Akgul","raw_affiliation_strings":["GTU Vision Lab, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GTU Vision Lab, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109297418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076271056"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109297418"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":1.8028,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85182482,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"481","last_page":"491"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil","display_name":"Pupil","score":0.8568706512451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8222460150718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7038061618804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6972028017044067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6537132263183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.6430692672729492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.6377577185630798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5616576671600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sliding-window-protocol","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","score":0.42589670419692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/center","display_name":"Center (category theory)","score":0.41458219289779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/window","display_name":"Window (computing)","score":0.2828768491744995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.8568706512451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8222460150718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7038061618804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6972028017044067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6537132263183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.6430692672729492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.6377577185630798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5616576671600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102392041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592860","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","level":3,"score":0.42589670419692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779463800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062222","display_name":"Center (category theory)","level":2,"score":0.41458219289779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2828768491744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_40","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_40","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_40","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_40","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96877236","https://openalex.org/W401941822","https://openalex.org/W1503483822","https://openalex.org/W1538622809","https://openalex.org/W1974394609","https://openalex.org/W1988798713","https://openalex.org/W2013180646","https://openalex.org/W2043033468","https://openalex.org/W2046399019","https://openalex.org/W2052516389","https://openalex.org/W2060280062","https://openalex.org/W2085288035","https://openalex.org/W2091805034","https://openalex.org/W2101683585","https://openalex.org/W2137226992","https://openalex.org/W2141425118","https://openalex.org/W2146092908","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163852958","https://openalex.org/W2321059085","https://openalex.org/W2397023066","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W4200268060","https://openalex.org/W4230081167"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W3207760378","https://openalex.org/W4386072035","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2047559669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,77,119,141,172,195,212],"locations":[1],"of":[2,13,50,96,145,174,187,191,197,214],"the":[3,40,43,46,51,53,86,89,94,97,110,116,133,138,149,155,164,175,182,185,188,192,198],"eye":[4,22,68,117,206],"pupil":[5,69,91,139],"centers":[6,151],"are":[7,19,58,152,177,218],"used":[8],"in":[9],"a":[10,65,80,122,128],"wide":[11],"range":[12],"computer":[14],"vision":[15],"applications.":[16],"Although":[17],"there":[18],"successful":[20],"commercial":[21],"gaze":[23,207],"tracking":[24],"systems,":[25],"their":[26],"practical":[27],"employment":[28],"is":[29,201],"limited":[30],"due":[31],"to":[32,104,108,126,137],"required":[33],"specialized":[34,75],"hardware":[35],"and":[36,48,93,167,181,209],"extra":[37],"restrictions":[38],"on":[39,163,204],"users.":[41],"On":[42],"other":[44],"hand,":[45],"precision":[47,186],"robustness":[49],"off":[52],"shelf":[54],"camera":[55],"based":[56],"systems":[57],"not":[59],"at":[60],"desirable":[61],"levels.":[62],"We":[63,100,159],"propose":[64],"general":[66],"purpose":[67],"center":[70,92,95,143],"estimation":[71],"method":[72,162],"without":[73],"any":[74],"hardware.":[76],"system":[78,120,183,200],"trains":[79],"regressor":[81,134],"using":[82],"HoG":[83,102],"features":[84,103],"with":[85],"distance":[87],"between":[88],"ground-truth":[90],"train":[98],"patches.":[99],"found":[101],"be":[105],"very":[106,179],"useful":[107],"capture":[109],"unique":[111],"gradient":[112],"angle":[113],"information":[114],"around":[115],"pupils.":[118],"uses":[121],"sliding":[123],"window":[124],"approach":[125],"produce":[127],"score":[129,157],"image":[130],"that":[131],"contains":[132],"estimated":[135],"distances":[136],"center.":[140],"best":[142],"positions":[144],"two":[146],"pupils":[147],"among":[148],"candidate":[150],"selected":[153],"from":[154],"produced":[156],"images.":[158],"evaluate":[160],"our":[161],"challenging":[165],"BioID":[166],"Columbia":[168],"CAVE":[169],"data":[170],"sets.":[171],"results":[173,213],"experiments":[176],"overall":[178],"promising":[180],"exceeds":[184],"similar":[189],"state":[190],"art":[193],"methods.":[194],"performance":[196],"proposed":[199],"especially":[202],"favorable":[203],"extreme":[205],"angles":[208],"head":[210],"poses.":[211],"all":[215],"test":[216],"images":[217],"publicly":[219],"available.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
