{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2278993514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_35","title":"3D Facial Landmark Detection: How to Deal with Head Rotations?","display_name":"3D Facial Landmark Detection: How to Deal with Head Rotations?","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2278993514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_35","mag":"2278993514"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_35","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_35","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_35","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007035178","display_name":"Anke Schwarz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889804353","display_name":"Robert Bosch (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01fe0jt45","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anke Schwarz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012824010","display_name":"Esther-Sabrina Wacker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889804353","display_name":"Robert Bosch (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01fe0jt45","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esther-Sabrina Wacker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059089901","display_name":"Manuel Mart\u00edn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111500","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation","ror":"https://ror.org/01zx97922","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111500","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IOSB, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IOSB, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063342315","display_name":"M. Saquib Sarfraz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1271-0005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Saquib Sarfraz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087051920","display_name":"Rainer Stiefelhagen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8046-4945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rainer Stiefelhagen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007035178"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I889804353"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":0.3684,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54412982,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"424","last_page":"434"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10356","display_name":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3505","display_name":"Orthodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.911345362663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8528711795806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7318332195281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.6281031370162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6121221780776978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6107985973358154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pose","display_name":"Pose","score":0.5915658473968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5641542673110962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5417653918266296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5408139824867249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49165230989456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.48145002126693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.47809073328971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4611402451992035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.09362867474555969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0884447693824768}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.911345362663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8528711795806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7318332195281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6281031370162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6121221780776978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6107985973358154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.5915658473968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5641542673110962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5417653918266296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5408139824867249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49165230989456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.48145002126693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47809073328971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4611402451992035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.09362867474555969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0884447693824768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_35","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_35","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/390672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/390672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_35","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24947-6_35","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W99952337","https://openalex.org/W137456267","https://openalex.org/W1564861741","https://openalex.org/W1566413196","https://openalex.org/W1998294030","https://openalex.org/W2000205118","https://openalex.org/W2036196300","https://openalex.org/W2047875689","https://openalex.org/W2074658631","https://openalex.org/W2087642411","https://openalex.org/W2134301144","https://openalex.org/W2134538062","https://openalex.org/W2135132101","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2157285372"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056853153","https://openalex.org/W2057559274","https://openalex.org/W2005087563","https://openalex.org/W2378111931","https://openalex.org/W2052388267","https://openalex.org/W2950647290","https://openalex.org/W1968481813","https://openalex.org/W2620829895","https://openalex.org/W2356918560","https://openalex.org/W4243161226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"3D":[0,23],"facial":[1,9,20],"landmark":[2],"detection":[3],"is":[4,27],"important":[5],"for":[6],"applications":[7],"like":[8],"expression":[10],"analysis":[11],"and":[12,93,111],"head":[13,25,57,101,124],"pose":[14],"estimation.":[15],"However,":[16],"accurate":[17],"estimation":[18],"of":[19,49,56,90],"landmarks":[21],"in":[22,77],"with":[24,121],"rotations":[26,70,102],"still":[28],"challenging":[29],"due":[30],"to":[31,98,100,123],"perspective":[32],"variations.":[33],"Current":[34],"state-of-the-art":[35,119],"methods":[36,43,120],"are":[37,74],"based":[38,63],"on":[39,45,64,106,129],"random":[40],"forests.":[41],"These":[42],"rely":[44],"a":[46,61],"large":[47],"amount":[48],"training":[50,79],"data":[51],"covering":[52],"the":[53,78,87,91,94],"whole":[54],"range":[55],"rotations.":[58],"We":[59],"present":[60],"method":[62,117],"regression":[65],"forests":[66],"which":[67],"can":[68],"handle":[69],"even":[71],"if":[72,126],"they":[73],"not":[75],"included":[76],"data.":[80],"To":[81],"achieve":[82],"this,":[83],"we":[84],"modify":[85],"both":[86],"weak":[88],"predictors":[89],"tree":[92],"leaf":[95],"node":[96],"regressors":[97],"adapt":[99],"better.":[103],"Our":[104],"evaluation":[105],"two":[107],"benchmark":[108],"datasets,":[109],"Bosphorus":[110],"FRGC":[112],"v2,":[113],"shows":[114],"that":[115],"our":[116],"outperforms":[118],"respect":[122],"rotations,":[125],"trained":[127],"solely":[128],"frontal":[130],"faces.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}