{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166150410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-29763-1_26","title":"Modality Matters: How Text, Audio, and\u00a0Video Interactions Shape Student Engagement and\u00a0Performance with\u00a0AI Tutors in\u00a06\u20138 Mathematics","display_name":"Modality Matters: How Text, Audio, and\u00a0Video Interactions Shape Student Engagement and\u00a0Performance with\u00a0AI Tutors in\u00a06\u20138 Mathematics","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166150410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-29763-1_26"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29763-1_26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-29763-1_26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-29763-1_26","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068230229","display_name":"Tyree S. Cowell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3095-9426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331487863","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/0556qrc19","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331487863"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799937122","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Art","ror":"https://ror.org/01vgnaz04","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114355","display_name":"Carnegie Robotics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztv7k18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tyree Cowell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3095-9426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355","https://openalex.org/I1331487863","https://openalex.org/I74973139","https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031937131","display_name":"K. Norberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7620-0680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331487863","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/0556qrc19","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331487863"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799937122","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Art","ror":"https://ror.org/01vgnaz04","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114355","display_name":"Carnegie Robotics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztv7k18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kole Norberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7620-0680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355","https://openalex.org/I1331487863","https://openalex.org/I74973139","https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092360858","display_name":"Rae Bastoni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331487863","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/0556qrc19","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331487863"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799937122","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Art","ror":"https://ror.org/01vgnaz04","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114355","display_name":"Carnegie Robotics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztv7k18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rae Bastoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6813-7359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355","https://openalex.org/I1331487863","https://openalex.org/I74973139","https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117595256","display_name":"Unekwu-Ojo Shaibu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331487863","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/0556qrc19","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331487863"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799937122","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Art","ror":"https://ror.org/01vgnaz04","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114355","display_name":"Carnegie Robotics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztv7k18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Unekwu-Ojo Shaibu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5972-5186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355","https://openalex.org/I1331487863","https://openalex.org/I74973139","https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004176645","display_name":"April Murphy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-2868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331487863","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/0556qrc19","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331487863"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799937122","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Art","ror":"https://ror.org/01vgnaz04","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114355","display_name":"Carnegie Robotics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztv7k18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"April Murphy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-2868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355","https://openalex.org/I1331487863","https://openalex.org/I74973139","https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030848384","display_name":"Stephen E. Fancsali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4016-8145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331487863","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/0556qrc19","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331487863"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799937122","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Art","ror":"https://ror.org/01vgnaz04","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114355","display_name":"Carnegie Robotics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztv7k18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Fancsali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4016-8145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355","https://openalex.org/I1331487863","https://openalex.org/I74973139","https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015399425","display_name":"STEVE RITTER","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2807-9390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331487863","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/0556qrc19","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331487863"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799937122","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Art","ror":"https://ror.org/01vgnaz04","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114355","display_name":"Carnegie Robotics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztv7k18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Ritter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2807-9390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355","https://openalex.org/I1331487863","https://openalex.org/I74973139","https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032650381","display_name":"Husni Almoubayyed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-9310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331487863","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/0556qrc19","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331487863"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799937122","display_name":"Carnegie Museum of Art","ror":"https://ror.org/01vgnaz04","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114355","display_name":"Carnegie Robotics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztv7k18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Husni Almoubayyed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA","Extragalactic Technologies LLC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-9310","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Learning, Inc., Pittsburgh, 15219, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114355","https://openalex.org/I1331487863","https://openalex.org/I74973139","https://openalex.org/I2799937122"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Extragalactic Technologies LLC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068230229"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331487863","https://openalex.org/I2799937122","https://openalex.org/I4210114355","https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98058824,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"381","last_page":"396"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.3682999908924103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.3682999908924103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.23569999635219574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.20999999344348907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.7773000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutor","display_name":"TUTOR","score":0.6121000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.5701000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference","display_name":"Preference","score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-engagement","display_name":"Student engagement","score":0.46209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.45730000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ask-price","display_name":"Ask price","score":0.3418999910354614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.7773000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.6121000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5701000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5200999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.49630001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194519906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627827","display_name":"Student engagement","level":2,"score":0.46209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.45730000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90329073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914232","display_name":"Ask price","level":2,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778173179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339289","display_name":"Attendance","level":2,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133112747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251931","display_name":"Protocol analysis","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78821406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391810","display_name":"Think aloud protocol","level":3,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173853756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q86915","display_name":"Dialog box","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29763-1_26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-29763-1_26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29763-1_26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-29763-1_26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8896243572235107,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1730072672","https://openalex.org/W1951724000","https://openalex.org/W1975190620","https://openalex.org/W1986530040","https://openalex.org/W2122025961","https://openalex.org/W2126153334","https://openalex.org/W2141845152","https://openalex.org/W2329442555","https://openalex.org/W2791800852","https://openalex.org/W2874984031","https://openalex.org/W2992775435","https://openalex.org/W3016249157","https://openalex.org/W4200557620","https://openalex.org/W4255697435","https://openalex.org/W4320926235","https://openalex.org/W4323655724","https://openalex.org/W4399608067","https://openalex.org/W4404509460","https://openalex.org/W4405584740","https://openalex.org/W4410488786","https://openalex.org/W4412496666","https://openalex.org/W4412966337"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"AI":[1,36,244],"tutoring":[2],"systems":[3],"are":[4],"tested":[5],"for":[6,31,148],"use":[7],"in":[8,41,83,155,188,211],"K-12":[9],"classrooms,":[10],"understanding":[11],"their":[12,197],"effects":[13],"on":[14,101,227],"learning":[15],"and":[16,65,170,217],"how":[17],"interaction":[18],"modality":[19,113,135,181,209,237],"shapes":[20],"student":[21],"engagement":[22,152,220],"is":[23],"essential.":[24],"Across":[25],"three":[26],"studies,":[27],"students":[28,56,107,130,159,194,203,234],"could":[29,195],"ask":[30],"help":[32],"from":[33],"a":[34,42,58,90,133,145,166],"generative":[35],"tutor":[37,245],"chatbot":[38,61],"which":[39],"responded":[40],"text,":[43],"audio,":[44],"or":[45],"video":[46,66,178,190],"format":[47],"during":[48],"classroom":[49],"math":[50,119],"lessons.":[51],"In":[52,63,94,104,127],"the":[53,84,138,156,177,189,208,215,218,223],"text":[54,68,163],"modality,":[55,198],"experienced":[57],"typical":[59],"text-only":[60],"experience.":[62],"audio":[64,157],"modalities,":[67],"was":[69,75,153,182,185],"still":[70],"present":[71],"but":[72,136],"each":[73,102],"message":[74],"read":[76],"aloud":[77],"by":[78,89],"an":[79,174,243],"AI-generated":[80,92],"voice":[81],"and,":[82],"case":[85],"of":[86,123,225],"video,":[87],"accompanied":[88],"human-like":[91],"avatar.":[93],"Study":[95,105,128],"1,":[96],"we":[97],"collected":[98],"qualitative":[99],"feedback":[100,169],"modality.":[103,142,179],"2,":[106],"were":[108,131],"randomly":[109],"assigned":[110,132],"to":[111,140,162,176,247],"one":[112],"as":[114,121],"they":[115],"worked":[116],"through":[117],"solving":[118],"problems":[120],"part":[122],"normal":[124],"course":[125],"work.":[126],"3,":[129],"default":[134],"had":[137],"agency":[139,206,226,235],"switch":[141],"Results":[143],"indicated":[144],"clear":[146],"preference":[147],"text.":[149],"Although":[150],"initial":[151],"higher":[154,248],"condition,":[158],"frequently":[160],"switched":[161],"when":[164,193],"given":[165],"choice.":[167],"Student":[168],"behavior":[171],"also":[172,186],"showed":[173],"aversion":[175],"When":[180],"assigned,":[183],"performance":[184],"lowest":[187],"condition.":[191],"However,":[192],"choose":[196],"these":[199],"differences":[200],"disappeared.":[201],"Instead,":[202],"who":[204],"exercised":[205],"over":[207,236],"engaged":[210],"longer":[212],"conversations":[213],"with":[214,242],"tutor,":[216],"increased":[219],"fully":[221],"mediated":[222],"effect":[224],"accuracy.":[228],"These":[229],"findings":[230],"suggest":[231],"that":[232],"giving":[233],"can":[238],"support":[239],"sustained":[240],"interactions":[241],"leading":[246],"performance.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-28T06:15:30.350997","created_date":"2026-06-27T00:00:00"}
