{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415056360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-08317-3_19","title":"Weakly Supervised Pixel-Level Annotation with Visual Interpretability","display_name":"Weakly Supervised Pixel-Level Annotation with Visual Interpretability","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415056360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-08317-3_19"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08317-3_19","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-08317-3_19","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-032-08317-3_19.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764900261","display_name":"Communications in computer and information science","issn_l":"1865-0929","issn":["1865-0929","1865-0937"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-032-08317-3_19.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073066265","display_name":"Basma Nasir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Basma Nasir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1589-8722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054034369","display_name":"Tehseen Zia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8176-3373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tehseen Zia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8176-3373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108858616","display_name":"Muhammad Nawaz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Nawaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8404-7695","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017217950","display_name":"Catarina Moreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8826-5163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catarina Moreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8826-5163","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073066265"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28454469,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"402","last_page":"422"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9581999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.8057000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6355999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-image-annotation","display_name":"Automatic image annotation","score":0.5182999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-retrieval","display_name":"Image retrieval","score":0.4627000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dropout","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","score":0.40799999237060547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9581999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.8057000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7445999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6355999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199579030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2851778","display_name":"Automatic image annotation","level":4,"score":0.5182999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.4627000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08317-3_19","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-08317-3_19","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-032-08317-3_19.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764900261","display_name":"Communications in computer and information science","issn_l":"1865-0929","issn":["1865-0929","1865-0937"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08317-3_19","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-08317-3_19","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-032-08317-3_19.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764900261","display_name":"Communications in computer and information science","issn_l":"1865-0929","issn":["1865-0929","1865-0937"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1483381719","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DL-57/2016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1740015287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.54499/UIDB/50021/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2441341484","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa","funder_award_id":"UIDB/50021/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3293539265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022.09212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6997658380","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.54499","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415056360.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415056360.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1932198206","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2803990755","https://openalex.org/W2890139949","https://openalex.org/W2905546645","https://openalex.org/W2939788146","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963635991","https://openalex.org/W2975479989","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2998954342","https://openalex.org/W3021182036","https://openalex.org/W3024545783","https://openalex.org/W3034922525","https://openalex.org/W3102100346","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3107459222","https://openalex.org/W3113922403","https://openalex.org/W3140743785","https://openalex.org/W3164731060","https://openalex.org/W3189934778","https://openalex.org/W3203756342","https://openalex.org/W4210689184","https://openalex.org/W4211075414","https://openalex.org/W4221034033","https://openalex.org/W4224308582","https://openalex.org/W4304195579","https://openalex.org/W4312509967","https://openalex.org/W4312980231","https://openalex.org/W4313181443","https://openalex.org/W4362653426","https://openalex.org/W4386362799","https://openalex.org/W4386980381","https://openalex.org/W4387317476","https://openalex.org/W4387898479","https://openalex.org/W4387956680","https://openalex.org/W4389169889","https://openalex.org/W4391730908","https://openalex.org/W4392734928","https://openalex.org/W4396834300","https://openalex.org/W4396854066","https://openalex.org/W4399576156","https://openalex.org/W4401110526","https://openalex.org/W4401179126"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Medical":[1],"image":[2,165,180],"annotation":[3,11,30],"is":[4,12],"essential":[5],"for":[6,54,61,88,175],"diagnosing":[7],"diseases,":[8],"yet":[9],"manual":[10],"time-consuming,":[13],"costly,":[14],"and":[15,38,50,57,101,126,155,162,172,178],"prone":[16],"to":[17],"variability":[18],"among":[19],"experts.":[20],"To":[21],"address":[22],"these":[23],"challenges,":[24],"we":[25],"propose":[26],"an":[27],"automated":[28],"explainable":[29],"system":[31,94],"that":[32,78,115],"integrates":[33],"ensemble":[34,65],"learning,":[35],"visual":[36,55],"explainability,":[37],"uncertainty":[39,62],"quantification.":[40,63],"Our":[41],"approach":[42,168],"combines":[43],"three":[44],"pre-trained":[45],"deep":[46],"learning":[47],"models\u2013ResNet50,":[48],"EfficientNet,":[49],"DenseNet\u2013enhanced":[51],"with":[52,143],"XGrad-CAM":[53],"explanations":[56],"Monte":[58],"Carlo":[59],"Dropout":[60],"This":[64],"mimics":[66],"the":[67,81,96,130,160],"consensus":[68],"of":[69,153,164],"multiple":[70],"radiologists":[71],"by":[72],"intersecting":[73],"saliency":[74],"maps":[75],"from":[76],"models":[77],"agree":[79],"on":[80,124,129],"diagnosis":[82],"while":[83],"uncertain":[84],"predictions":[85],"are":[86],"flagged":[87],"human":[89],"review.":[90],"We":[91],"evaluated":[92],"our":[93,116,134,167],"using":[95],"TBX11K":[97,125],"medical":[98,176],"imaging":[99],"dataset":[100],"a":[102,170],"Fire":[103,131],"segmentation":[104],"dataset,":[105],"demonstrating":[106],"its":[107],"robustness":[108],"across":[109],"different":[110],"domains.":[111],"Experimental":[112],"results":[113],"show":[114],"method":[117],"outperforms":[118],"baseline":[119],"models,":[120],"achieving":[121,147],"93.04%":[122],"accuracy":[123,128,161],"96.4%":[127],"dataset.":[132],"Moreover,":[133],"model":[135],"produces":[136],"precise":[137],"pixel-level":[138],"annotations":[139],"despite":[140],"being":[141],"trained":[142],"only":[144],"image-level":[145],"labels,":[146],"Intersection":[148],"over":[149],"Union":[150],"IoU":[151],"scores":[152],"36.07%":[154],"64.7%,":[156],"respectively.":[157],"By":[158],"enhancing":[159],"interpretability":[163],"annotations,":[166],"offers":[169],"reliable":[171],"transparent":[173],"solution":[174],"diagnostics":[177],"other":[179],"analysis":[181],"tasks.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-24T07:32:12.397491","created_date":"2025-10-11T00:00:00"}