{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415271415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-02899-0_4","title":"OntologyRAG: Better and Faster Biomedical Code Mapping with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) Leveraging Ontology Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models","display_name":"OntologyRAG: Better and Faster Biomedical Code Mapping with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) Leveraging Ontology Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415271415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-02899-0_4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-032-02899-0_4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-02899-0_4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028239995","display_name":"Hui Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3486-1478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28927889","display_name":"IQVIA (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/040g76k92","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28927889","https://openalex.org/I4210108991"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hui Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["IQVIA, Real World Solution, Applied AI Science, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IQVIA, Real World Solution, Applied AI Science, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28927889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112075005","display_name":"Y. Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28927889","display_name":"IQVIA (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/040g76k92","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28927889","https://openalex.org/I4210108991"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuntzu Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["IQVIA, Real World Solution, Applied AI Science, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IQVIA, Real World Solution, Applied AI Science, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28927889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070251260","display_name":"Emiliano Reynares","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5109-3716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28927889","display_name":"IQVIA (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/040g76k92","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28927889","https://openalex.org/I4210108991"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emiliano Reynares","raw_affiliation_strings":["IQVIA, Real World Solution, Applied AI Science, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IQVIA, Real World Solution, Applied AI Science, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28927889"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034810061","display_name":"Jay Nanavati","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28927889","display_name":"IQVIA (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/040g76k92","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28927889","https://openalex.org/I4210108991"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jay Nanavati","raw_affiliation_strings":["IQVIA, Real World Solution, Applied AI Science, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IQVIA, Real World Solution, Applied AI Science, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28927889"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028239995"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28927889"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6694,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96878552,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"71","last_page":"86"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.516700029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-ontology","display_name":"Process ontology","score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-ontology","display_name":"Upper ontology","score":0.4027000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-alignment","display_name":"Ontology alignment","score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-biomedical-ontologies","display_name":"Open Biomedical Ontologies","score":0.38449999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.3831999897956848}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8938000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.516700029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137003198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247296","display_name":"Process ontology","level":3,"score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78726541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3882785","display_name":"Upper ontology","level":3,"score":0.4027000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98893333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4339878","display_name":"Ontology alignment","level":4,"score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137982476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7072326","display_name":"Open Biomedical Ontologies","level":5,"score":0.38449999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102993220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387196","display_name":"Description logic","level":2,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22550185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7095047","display_name":"Ontology-based data integration","level":3,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775945657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381442","display_name":"Structuring","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987255567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33002955","display_name":"Knowledge graph","level":2,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101230327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826165","display_name":"Web Ontology Language","level":3,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778820784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027508","display_name":"Ontology engineering","level":4,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50971890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7635093","display_name":"Suggested Upper Merged Ontology","level":4,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84685590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540472","display_name":"Knowledge engineering","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135257023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691358","display_name":"Domain-specific language","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115925183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412694","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775955345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449071","display_name":"Semantic mapping","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110903229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449064","display_name":"Semantic integration","level":4,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115408247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3882789","display_name":"Ontology Inference Layer","level":5,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-032-02899-0_4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-02899-0_4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2562531153","https://openalex.org/W2912930644","https://openalex.org/W3022102674","https://openalex.org/W3037860573","https://openalex.org/W3131901903","https://openalex.org/W3208989277","https://openalex.org/W4283819412","https://openalex.org/W4285110821","https://openalex.org/W4307138871","https://openalex.org/W4324130003","https://openalex.org/W4385212602","https://openalex.org/W4386159309","https://openalex.org/W4388144143","https://openalex.org/W4402770660","https://openalex.org/W4402810347"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-17T00:00:00"}