{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410372337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89704-7_11","title":"Assessing and\u00a0Comparing Free Large Language Models\u2019 Responses to\u00a0a\u00a0Clinical Case: Accuracy, Safety, and\u00a0Reliability","display_name":"Assessing and\u00a0Comparing Free Large Language Models\u2019 Responses to\u00a0a\u00a0Clinical Case: Accuracy, Safety, and\u00a0Reliability","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410372337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89704-7_11"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89704-7_11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89704-7_11","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-89704-7_11.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-89704-7_11.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089936793","display_name":"Elena Sblendorio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-7815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095088","display_name":"Azienda Universitaria Ospedaliera Consorziale - Policlinico Bari","ror":"https://ror.org/00pap0267","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095088","https://openalex.org/I4210099368","https://openalex.org/I4210117053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elena Sblendorio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy","Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-7815","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023251492","display_name":"Alessio Lo Cascio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5581-4114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163675","display_name":"La Maddalena","ror":"https://ror.org/04st1y556","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163675"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Lo Cascio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy","La Maddalena Cancer Center, Via San Lorenzo 312, 90146, Palermo, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5581-4114","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"La Maddalena Cancer Center, Via San Lorenzo 312, 90146, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163675"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006219450","display_name":"Daniele Napolitano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2481-5354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103320735","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","ror":"https://ror.org/03h7r5v07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802557943","display_name":"Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic","ror":"https://ror.org/00rg70c39","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802557943"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Napolitano","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy","Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2481-5354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103320735","https://openalex.org/I2802557943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049397405","display_name":"Francesco Germini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7120-7533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Germini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy","Direttore di Distretto Sociosanitario, ASL Bari, Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7120-7533","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Direttore di Distretto Sociosanitario, ASL Bari, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062626549","display_name":"Vincenzo Dentamaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1148-332X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Dentamaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1148-332X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085527517","display_name":"Michela Piredda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5998-476X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125353","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico","ror":"https://ror.org/04gqx4x78","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michela Piredda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine and Surgery Research Unit Nursing Science, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5998-476X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Surgery Research Unit Nursing Science, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049687365","display_name":"Giancarlo Cicolini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-1792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39387349","display_name":"University of Chieti-Pescara","ror":"https://ror.org/00qjgza05","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giancarlo Cicolini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, G.d\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti, Pescara, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-1792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, G.d\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti, Pescara, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089936793"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653","https://openalex.org/I4210095088"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24557477,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"134","last_page":"149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12664","display_name":"Clinical practice guidelines implementation","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12664","display_name":"Clinical practice guidelines implementation","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9606999754905701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8174562454223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.709987998008728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.4910914897918701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0589047372341156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8174562454223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.709987998008728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.4910914897918701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0589047372341156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89704-7_11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89704-7_11","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-89704-7_11.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89704-7_11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89704-7_11","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-89704-7_11.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410372337.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410372337.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099499127","https://openalex.org/W2193755183","https://openalex.org/W2251854509","https://openalex.org/W2321210409","https://openalex.org/W2587725834","https://openalex.org/W2898155085","https://openalex.org/W2902634493","https://openalex.org/W2964465977","https://openalex.org/W2986737317","https://openalex.org/W3095075782","https://openalex.org/W3118530976","https://openalex.org/W3156172549","https://openalex.org/W3165206559","https://openalex.org/W3170678410","https://openalex.org/W3202395426","https://openalex.org/W4206258888","https://openalex.org/W4229773532","https://openalex.org/W4280538113","https://openalex.org/W4321606060","https://openalex.org/W4327500636","https://openalex.org/W4386910356","https://openalex.org/W4387241391","https://openalex.org/W4388202240","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033512842","https://openalex.org/W4233600955","https://openalex.org/W4322734194","https://openalex.org/W3116237489","https://openalex.org/W4404996554","https://openalex.org/W2913665393","https://openalex.org/W2369695847","https://openalex.org/W3005535424","https://openalex.org/W2994319598","https://openalex.org/W2047067935"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,246],"research":[2],"examines":[3],"how":[4],"five":[5],"free":[6],"of":[7,67,83,93,113,116,141,152,155,166,169,186,205,230,237],"charge":[8],"Large":[9],"Language":[10],"Models":[11],"(LLMs)-Zephyr,":[12],"Mistral":[13],"7B,":[14,17],"LLAMA":[15,72],"2":[16,73],"ChatGPT":[18,99],"3.5":[19,100],"and":[20,56,69,88,90,107,126,160,162,191,214,228,239],"Copilot":[21,143],"Precise-perform":[22],"when":[23],"faced":[24],"with":[25,110,149],"a":[26,31,43,47,111,146,163,235],"nursing":[27],"clinical":[28,217,252],"scenario":[29],"involving":[30],"neuropsychiatric":[32],"emergency.":[33],"Their":[34],"responses":[35],"were":[36],"evaluated":[37],"based":[38],"on":[39,211],"established":[40],"guidelines":[41],"by":[42,233],"Delphi":[44],"consensus":[45],"using":[46],"5-point":[48],"Likert":[49],"scale":[50],"to":[51,224],"rate":[52],"safety,":[53,129],"accuracy,":[54],"reliability":[55],"the":[57,64,203,226],"potential":[58],"for":[59,134],"improvement.":[60],"The":[61],"findings":[62],"underscore":[63,202],"greatest":[65],"importance":[66,204],"safety":[68,213],"accuracy":[70,177,227],"metrics.":[71],"7B":[74],"exhibits":[75],"balanced":[76,150],"but":[77],"poor":[78],"performance,":[79],"scoring":[80],"3":[81,153],"out":[82,92,115,140,154,168],"5":[84,94,156,167,170],"in":[85,95,104,121,136,157,172,178,184,216,251],"Safety,":[86,105,158],"Accuracy,":[87,106,159],"References,":[89,108,173],"4":[91,114],"providing":[96],"Improvement":[97],"suggestions.":[98],"demonstrates":[101],"adequate":[102],"performance":[103],"each":[109],"score":[112,165],"5,":[117],"indicating":[118],"its":[119,175],"proficiency":[120],"generating":[122,179],"accurate,":[123],"reliable":[124],"content":[125],"ensuring":[127,212],"patient":[128],"though":[130],"there":[131],"is":[132],"room":[133],"improvement":[135],"enhancement":[137],"suggestions":[138],"(3":[139],"5).":[142],"Precise":[144],"shows":[145],"unique":[147],"profile,":[148],"scores":[151],"Improvements,":[161],"perfect":[164],"only":[171],"highlighting":[174],"high":[176],"references.":[180],"Reliability":[181],"was":[182],"reported":[183],"terms":[185],"both":[187],"reference":[188],"precision":[189],"criteria":[190],"consistency":[192],"over":[193],"time":[194],"computed":[195],"through":[196],"automated":[197],"assessment.":[198],"These":[199],"preliminary":[200],"results":[201],"developing":[206],"language":[207],"models":[208,232],"that":[209],"focus":[210],"precision,":[215],"decision-making":[218],"scenarios.":[219],"Further":[220],"studies":[221],"should":[222],"aim":[223],"improve":[225],"dependability":[229],"these":[231],"examining":[234],"range":[236],"situations":[238],"incorporating":[240],"real-time":[241],"feedback":[242],"mechanisms":[243],"from":[244],"experts.":[245],"will":[247],"enhance":[248],"their":[249],"usefulness":[250],"environments.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}