{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402757027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-78600-6_6","title":"Active Nodes Maximization in\u00a0a\u00a0Virus Spread Model: An SI2R Malware Propagation Model","display_name":"Active Nodes Maximization in\u00a0a\u00a0Virus Spread Model: An SI2R Malware Propagation Model","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402757027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-78600-6_6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78600-6_6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-78600-6_6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04699901v1/file/Active%20Nodes%20Maximization%20in%20a%20Virus%20Spread%20Model.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107528127","display_name":"Arthur Farel Ngoufo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178331978","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Dschang","ror":"https://ror.org/0566t4z20","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arthur Ngoufo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2014-0540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107547100","display_name":"Arnold Willie Kouam Kounchou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178331978","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Dschang","ror":"https://ror.org/0566t4z20","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198415970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse","ror":"https://ror.org/00mfpxb84","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198415970"]}],"countries":["CM","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Willie Kouam","raw_affiliation_strings":["CERI/LIA, Avignon Universit\u00e9, Avignon, France","University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon","AU - Avignon Universit\u00e9 (74 rue Louis Pasteur - 84 029 Avignon cedex 1 - France)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6804-868X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CERI/LIA, Avignon Universit\u00e9, Avignon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198415970"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AU - Avignon Universit\u00e9 (74 rue Louis Pasteur - 84 029 Avignon cedex 1 - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198415970"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006338234","display_name":"Y\u00e9z\u00e9ka\u00ebl Hayel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-3916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198415970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse","ror":"https://ror.org/00mfpxb84","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198415970"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yezekael Hayel","raw_affiliation_strings":["CERI/LIA, Avignon Universit\u00e9, Avignon, France","University of Avignon, Avignon, France","AU - Avignon Universit\u00e9 (74 rue Louis Pasteur - 84 029 Avignon cedex 1 - France)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-3916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CERI/LIA, Avignon Universit\u00e9, Avignon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198415970"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Avignon, Avignon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198415970"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AU - Avignon Universit\u00e9 (74 rue Louis Pasteur - 84 029 Avignon cedex 1 - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198415970"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021072405","display_name":"Gabriel Deugou\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1015-0902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178331978","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Dschang","ror":"https://ror.org/0566t4z20","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Deugou\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1015-0902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090126029","display_name":"Charles Kamhoua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-5975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Kamhoua","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-5975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107528127"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":4.6062,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87880894,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"57","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.7421683073043823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5625647306442261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.5137182474136353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2964543104171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14456135034561157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.13187462091445923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.7421683073043823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5625647306442261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.5137182474136353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2964543104171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14456135034561157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.13187462091445923}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78600-6_6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-78600-6_6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04699901v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04699901","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04699901v1/file/Active%20Nodes%20Maximization%20in%20a%20Virus%20Spread%20Model.pdf","source":null,"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Network Games, Control and Optimization","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04699901v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04699901","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04699901v1/file/Active%20Nodes%20Maximization%20in%20a%20Virus%20Spread%20Model.pdf","source":null,"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Network Games, Control and Optimization","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1432373144","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-21-1-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1995643085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-19-2-0150","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2230309958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-22-2-0175","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4902763196","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-21-1-0326","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4976664893","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-21-1-0326","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","funder_display_name":"Army Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5259331294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","funder_display_name":"Army Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G56008422","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-19","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","funder_display_name":"Army Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7259598866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-19-2-0150","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","funder_display_name":"Army Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7452299184","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8415477955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-19","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","display_name":"Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402757027.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402757027.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008072444","https://openalex.org/W2009058274","https://openalex.org/W2038195874","https://openalex.org/W2148301044","https://openalex.org/W2237638764","https://openalex.org/W2513712568","https://openalex.org/W2594533170","https://openalex.org/W4239975174","https://openalex.org/W4391390084"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4284893819"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"threat":[1],"of":[2,44,54,91,145,151,165,180,187],"malware":[3,129],"is":[4,33,140],"increasing":[5],"and":[6,15,26,40,100,109],"poses":[7],"significant":[8],"computer":[9,45],"security":[10],"risks":[11],"to":[12,141,160,168],"both":[13],"individuals":[14],"organizations.":[16],"Understanding":[17],"the":[18,30,42,68,105,122,128,137,143,149,152,162,175,178,185],"tactics":[19],"employed":[20],"by":[21,66,121,127],"these":[22],"malicious":[23],"software":[24],"entities":[25],"their":[27],"dynamics":[28],"during":[29],"epidemic":[31],"process":[32],"crucial":[34],"for":[35],"designing":[36],"robust":[37],"defense":[38],"strategies":[39],"ensuring":[41],"protection":[43],"systems.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48,156],"article,":[49],"we":[50,158],"investigate":[51],"a":[52,71],"population":[53],"digital":[55],"nodes":[56,111,167,182],"(such":[57],"as":[58],"phones,":[59],"computers,":[60],"$$\\dots":[61],"$$":[62],")":[63],"under":[64],"attack":[65],"modeling":[67],"network":[69],"using":[70],"susceptible-infected-resistant":[72],"(SI2R)":[73],"compartmental":[74],"model,":[75],"where":[76],"hosts":[77,147],"can":[78,112],"transition":[79],"between":[80],"susceptible,":[81],"infected,":[82],"or":[83],"resistant":[84],"states.":[85],"Our":[86],"model":[87],"considers":[88],"two":[89],"types":[90],"infected":[92],"nodes:":[93],"active":[94,108,146,181],"nodes,":[95,102],"whose":[96],"resources":[97],"are":[98,119],"exploited,":[99],"passive":[101,110,166,188],"which":[103,118],"spread":[104],"virus.":[106],"Both":[107],"develop":[113],"resistance":[114],"with":[115],"certain":[116],"probabilities,":[117],"influenced":[120],"resource":[123,135],"utilization":[124],"percentages":[125],"set":[126],"designer.":[130],"Thus,":[131],"rather":[132],"than":[133],"optimizing":[134],"utilization,":[136],"malware\u2019s":[138],"goal":[139],"maximize":[142],"number":[144,179,186],"at":[148,170],"end":[150],"process.":[153],"To":[154],"achieve":[155],"objective,":[157],"aim":[159],"determine":[161],"optimal":[163],"percentage":[164],"consider":[169],"each":[171],"period,":[172],"recognizing":[173],"that":[174],"variation":[176],"in":[177],"depends":[183],"on":[184],"nodes.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}