{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403889971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73741-1_3","title":"Coding Historical Causes of Death Data with Large Language Models","display_name":"Coding Historical Causes of Death Data with Large Language Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403889971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73741-1_3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73741-1_3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73741-1_3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-73741-1_3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-73741-1_3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058357959","display_name":"Bj\u00f8rn-Richard Pedersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2363-0791","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2363-0791"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bj\u00f8rn-Richard Pedersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Historical Data Centre, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2363-0791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Historical Data Centre, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032886960","display_name":"Maisha Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5231-8796","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5231-8796"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maisha Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Historical Data Centre, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5231-8796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Historical Data Centre, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071469062","display_name":"Doris Tove Kristoffersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8220-2532","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8220-2532"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Doris Tove Kristoffersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Historical Data Centre, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8220-2532","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Historical Data Centre, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013607592","display_name":"Lars Ailo Bongo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7544-2482","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7544-2482"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Ailo Bongo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7544-2482","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049750421","display_name":"Eilidh Garrett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5971-9675","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5971-9675"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eilidh Garrett","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5971-9675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076479497","display_name":"Alice Reid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-2951","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-2951"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alice Reid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-2951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044516183","display_name":"Hilde Leikny Sommerseth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7070-8184","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7070-8184"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hilde Sommerseth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Historical Data Centre, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7070-8184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Historical Data Centre, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058357959"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":1.2936,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82278363,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"30","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.48510000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.48510000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14400","display_name":"Medical Coding and Health Information","score":0.24819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.11190000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icd-10-coding","display_name":"ICD-10 coding","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causes-of-death","display_name":"causes of death","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historical-mortality-records","display_name":"historical mortality records","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-4","display_name":"GPT-4","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-3-5","display_name":"GPT-3.5","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llama-2","display_name":"Llama 2","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-medical-coding","display_name":"automated medical coding","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fine-tuning","display_name":"fine-tuning","score":0.6510000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8389496803283691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.6056284308433533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4592326879501343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.37005043029785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3491131067276001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73741-1_3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73741-1_3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-73741-1_3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73741-1_3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73741-1_3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-73741-1_3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5668292087","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RES-000-23-0128","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G841499813","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RES-000-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403889971.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403889971.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590153286","https://openalex.org/W1822963773","https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W1977099531","https://openalex.org/W2091759489","https://openalex.org/W2146796646","https://openalex.org/W2332766554","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W3027879771","https://openalex.org/W3143471988","https://openalex.org/W3206083619","https://openalex.org/W4283687125","https://openalex.org/W4287854971","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4295537996","https://openalex.org/W4313547549","https://openalex.org/W4362597819","https://openalex.org/W4362679551","https://openalex.org/W4362702134","https://openalex.org/W4362707064","https://openalex.org/W4366735603","https://openalex.org/W4366835582","https://openalex.org/W4376653873","https://openalex.org/W4383681802","https://openalex.org/W4386435222","https://openalex.org/W4388481544","https://openalex.org/W6600017849","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"investigates":[3],"the":[4,16,28,50,65,75,87,92,106],"feasibility":[5],"of":[6,18,24,36,52,71,80,89,114,123,136],"using":[7],"pre-trained":[8],"generative":[9],"Large":[10],"Language":[11],"Models":[12],"(LLMs)":[13],"to":[14,21,27,59,146,159,183],"automate":[15],"assignment":[17,174],"ICD-10":[19,62,172],"codes":[20,63],"historical":[22,34,171],"causes":[23,35,70,135,155],"death.":[25],"Due":[26],"complex":[29],"narratives":[30],"often":[31],"found":[32],"in":[33,74,91,142],"death,":[37],"this":[38],"task":[39],"has":[40],"traditionally":[41],"been":[42],"manually":[43],"performed":[44,132,151],"by":[45,125],"coding":[46],"experts.":[47],"We":[48,176],"evaluate":[49],"ability":[51],"GPT-3.5,":[53,100],"GPT-4,":[54,101],"and":[55,86,102,112],"Llama":[56,103],"2":[57,104],"LLMs":[58,131,162],"accurately":[60],"assign":[61,105],"on":[64],"HiCaD":[66],"dataset":[67],"that":[68,99,138],"contains":[69],"death":[72,77,137],"recorded":[73],"civil":[76],"register":[78],"entries":[79],"19,361":[81],"individuals":[82],"from":[83],"Ipswich,":[84],"Kilmarnock,":[85],"Isle":[88],"Skye":[90],"UK":[93],"between":[94],"1861\u20131901.":[95],"Our":[96],"findings":[97],"show":[98],"correct":[107],"code":[108,173],"for":[109,134,153,170],"69%,":[110],"83%,":[111],"40%":[113],"causes,":[115],"respectively.":[116],"However,":[117],"we":[118],"achieve":[119,184],"a":[120],"maximum":[121],"accuracy":[122],"89%":[124],"standard":[126],"machine":[127],"learning":[128],"techniques.":[129],"All":[130],"better":[133,152],"contained":[139],"terms":[140],"still":[141],"use":[143],"today,":[144],"compared":[145,158],"archaic":[147],"terms.":[148],"Also,":[149],"they":[150],"short":[154],"(1\u20132":[156],"words)":[157],"longer":[160],"causes.":[161],"therefore":[163],"do":[164],"not":[165],"currently":[166],"perform":[167],"well":[168],"enough":[169],"tasks.":[175],"suggest":[177],"further":[178],"fine-tuning":[179],"or":[180],"alternative":[181],"frameworks":[182],"adequate":[185],"performance.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
