{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400939349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65630-9_16","title":"Enchanting Program Specification Synthesis by\u00a0Large Language Models Using Static Analysis and\u00a0Program Verification","display_name":"Enchanting Program Specification Synthesis by\u00a0Large Language Models Using Static Analysis and\u00a0Program Verification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400939349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65630-9_16"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65630-9_16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65630-9_16","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-65630-9_16.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-65630-9_16.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101716786","display_name":"Cheng Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1826-6213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053372458","display_name":"Jialun Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4892-6294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159029","display_name":"Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05cvbj479","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I4210159029"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialun Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou, China","The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159029","https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017790992","display_name":"Jie Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5098-8040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089943764","display_name":"Zhiwu Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6727-440X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042013137","display_name":"Shengchao Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3028-8191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengchao Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou, China","ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060566171","display_name":"Mengda He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-2760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengda He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fermat Labs, Huawei, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fermat Labs, Huawei, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102852549","display_name":"Haokun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6411-9324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haokun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fermat Labs, Huawei, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fermat Labs, Huawei, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034057959","display_name":"Shing-Chi Cheung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3508-7172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159029","display_name":"Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05cvbj479","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I4210159029"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shing-Chi Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou, China","The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159029","https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003990194","display_name":"Cong Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5429-4580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101716786"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":36.6535,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.998713,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"302","last_page":"328"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8485785722732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7493864297866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6363374590873718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.5034119486808777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-synthesis","display_name":"Program synthesis","score":0.5017192363739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.4528244435787201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4445134401321411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.44057291746139526}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8485785722732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7493864297866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6363374590873718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.5034119486808777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117718","display_name":"Program synthesis","level":2,"score":0.5017192363739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.4528244435787201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4445134401321411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.44057291746139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65630-9_16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65630-9_16","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-65630-9_16.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-141465","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-141465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65630-9_16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65630-9_16","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-65630-9_16.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400939349.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W88009092","https://openalex.org/W146475325","https://openalex.org/W1168380302","https://openalex.org/W1844529821","https://openalex.org/W1925669739","https://openalex.org/W1970168990","https://openalex.org/W1993255342","https://openalex.org/W2085428535","https://openalex.org/W2126775986","https://openalex.org/W2131954495","https://openalex.org/W2136230992","https://openalex.org/W2264729369","https://openalex.org/W2271534991","https://openalex.org/W2522017073","https://openalex.org/W2767382859","https://openalex.org/W2809136392","https://openalex.org/W2809510152","https://openalex.org/W2866060364","https://openalex.org/W2892350831","https://openalex.org/W2947650112","https://openalex.org/W2963258324","https://openalex.org/W2978995391","https://openalex.org/W3004024657","https://openalex.org/W3009272933","https://openalex.org/W3010737172","https://openalex.org/W3032926390","https://openalex.org/W3046395575","https://openalex.org/W3046796804","https://openalex.org/W3101193881","https://openalex.org/W3101413582","https://openalex.org/W3109904794","https://openalex.org/W3120742815","https://openalex.org/W3185235159","https://openalex.org/W3203488487","https://openalex.org/W4225751037","https://openalex.org/W4230086982","https://openalex.org/W4241531852","https://openalex.org/W4248574992","https://openalex.org/W4250359162","https://openalex.org/W4284678181","https://openalex.org/W4378591002","https://openalex.org/W4378942602","https://openalex.org/W4384155522","https://openalex.org/W4384304865","https://openalex.org/W4384345708","https://openalex.org/W4384345745","https://openalex.org/W4384345748","https://openalex.org/W4384521943","https://openalex.org/W4385187279","https://openalex.org/W4389158536","https://openalex.org/W4389161785","https://openalex.org/W4391876619","https://openalex.org/W4393191843","https://openalex.org/W4402665833","https://openalex.org/W6603860191","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1667647204","https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W4247536566","https://openalex.org/W2018477250","https://openalex.org/W3119814709","https://openalex.org/W4241418540","https://openalex.org/W2111870610","https://openalex.org/W1935464460","https://openalex.org/W2605195990","https://openalex.org/W58529227"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Formal":[1],"verification":[2],"provides":[3],"a":[4,245,261],"rigorous":[5],"and":[6,13,29,88,134,146,149,171,192,216,220,228],"systematic":[7],"approach":[8,39,114],"to":[9,115,178,186,201,256],"ensure":[10],"the":[11,22,124,159,188,206,258],"correctness":[12],"reliability":[14],"of":[15,34,73,126,190,239,248],"software":[16],"systems.":[17],"Yet,":[18],"constructing":[19],"specifications":[20,117,136,195],"for":[21,40,64,70,118,137],"full":[23,138],"proof":[24],"relies":[25],"on":[26,60],"domain":[27],"expertise":[28],"non-trivial":[30],"manpower.":[31],"In":[32,210],"view":[33],"such":[35],"needs,":[36],"an":[37,112],"automated":[38,47,113,119],"specification":[41,130,243],"synthesis":[42],"is":[43,141,150],"desired.":[44],"While":[45],"existing":[46,127,233],"approaches":[48],"are":[49,68,98,184,196],"limited":[50],"in":[51,129,162,198,260],"their":[52,101],"versatility,":[53,131],"i.e.":[54],",":[55,85,93,111],"they":[56],"either":[57],"focus":[58],"only":[59],"synthesizing":[61,132],"loop":[62],"invariants":[63],"numerical":[65],"programs,":[66],"or":[67,75],"tailored":[69],"specific":[71],"types":[72,82],"programs":[74,183,240,259],"invariants.":[76],"Programs":[77],"involving":[78],"multiple":[79],"complicated":[80],"data":[81],"(":[83,91],"e.g.":[84,92],"arrays,":[86],"pointers)":[87],"code":[89],"structures":[90],"nested":[94],"loops,":[95],"function":[96],"calls)":[97],"often":[99],"beyond":[100],"capabilities.":[102],"To":[103],"help":[104],"bridge":[105],"this":[106,211],"gap,":[107],"we":[108],"present":[109],"AutoSpec":[110,157,167,213],"synthesize":[116],"program":[120,147,172],"verification.":[121],"It":[122,140,250],"overcomes":[123],"shortcomings":[125],"work":[128],"satisfiable":[133,219],"adequate":[135,221],"proof.":[139],"driven":[142],"by":[143,152,168,235],"static":[144,169],"analysis":[145,170],"verification,":[148,173],"empowered":[151],"large":[153],"language":[154],"models":[155],"(LLMs).":[156],"addresses":[158],"practical":[160],"challenges":[161],"three":[163],"ways:":[164],"(1)":[165],"driving":[166],"LLMs":[174],"serve":[175],"as":[176,230],"generators":[177],"generate":[179,218],"candidate":[180,194],"specifications,":[181],"(2)":[182],"decomposed":[185],"direct":[187],"attention":[189],"LLMs,":[191],"(3)":[193],"validated":[197],"each":[199],"round":[200],"avoid":[202],"error":[203],"accumulation":[204],"during":[205],"interaction":[207],"with":[208],"LLMs.":[209],"way,":[212],"can":[214,251],"incrementally":[215],"iteratively":[217],"specifications.":[222],"The":[223],"evaluation":[224],"shows":[225],"its":[226],"effectiveness":[227],"usefulness,":[229],"it":[231],"outperforms":[232],"works":[234],"successfully":[236,254],"verifying":[237],"79%":[238],"through":[241],"automatic":[242],"synthesis,":[244],"significant":[246],"improvement":[247],"1.592x.":[249],"also":[252],"be":[253],"applied":[255],"verify":[257],"real-world":[262],"X509-parser":[263],"project.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}