{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387211350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43907-0_61","title":"M-FLAG: Medical Vision-Language Pre-training with Frozen Language Models and Latent Space Geometry Optimization","display_name":"M-FLAG: Medical Vision-Language Pre-training with Frozen Language Models and Latent Space Geometry Optimization","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387211350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43907-0_61"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-43907-0_61","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43907-0_61","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014579261","display_name":"Che Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9917-8487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Che Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101622280","display_name":"Sibo Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8707-2589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sibo Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418433","display_name":"Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3525-9755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK","Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042310701","display_name":"Mengyun Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5157-1079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengyun Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049396894","display_name":"Weitong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6254-161X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weitong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062429575","display_name":"Anand Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5257-520X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802782613","display_name":"Harefield Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04fwa4t58","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800036501","https://openalex.org/I2802782613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anand Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK","Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802782613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059823739","display_name":"Wenjia Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2943-7698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjia Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK","Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085852399","display_name":"Rossella Arcucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-0585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rossella Arcucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014579261"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.4171,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9967033,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"637","last_page":"647"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7785230875015259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flag","display_name":"Flag (linear algebra)","score":0.7619936466217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5989762544631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5933504104614258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5052011609077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4757768213748932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonality","display_name":"Orthogonality","score":0.47087228298187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-medical-language-system","display_name":"Unified Medical Language System","score":0.45795926451683044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4305911064147949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38525721430778503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3796640634536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.35750752687454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3498886227607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.10206052660942078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08884382247924805}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7785230875015259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776730729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392130","display_name":"Flag (linear algebra)","level":3,"score":0.7619936466217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5989762544631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5933504104614258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5052011609077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4757768213748932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17137986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215067","display_name":"Orthogonality","level":2,"score":0.47087228298187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69505689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455338","display_name":"Unified Medical Language System","level":2,"score":0.45795926451683044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4305911064147949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38525721430778503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3796640634536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.35750752687454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3498886227607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.10206052660942078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08884382247924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136119220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000660","display_name":"Algebra over a field","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-43907-0_61","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43907-0_61","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3659511342","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/W01842X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6520098237","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MR/R015600/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2089468765","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2611650229","https://openalex.org/W2914203365","https://openalex.org/W2945785363","https://openalex.org/W2963466845","https://openalex.org/W2970546341","https://openalex.org/W2995225687","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3101156210","https://openalex.org/W3101310341","https://openalex.org/W3120894151","https://openalex.org/W3135367836","https://openalex.org/W3201906559","https://openalex.org/W4206136559","https://openalex.org/W4224244844","https://openalex.org/W4289792732","https://openalex.org/W4312533035","https://openalex.org/W4386076084","https://openalex.org/W6600002382","https://openalex.org/W6600195515","https://openalex.org/W6600234944","https://openalex.org/W6600344744","https://openalex.org/W6745992979"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2324035390","https://openalex.org/W2695311495","https://openalex.org/W3175137310","https://openalex.org/W3034984450","https://openalex.org/W3139271019","https://openalex.org/W2098156551","https://openalex.org/W1895129854","https://openalex.org/W146973812","https://openalex.org/W2209303598","https://openalex.org/W4210929581"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-25T08:15:23.626066","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}