{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384471375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37709-9_23","title":"R2U2 Version 3.0: Re-Imagining a\u00a0Toolchain for\u00a0Specification, Resource Estimation, and\u00a0Optimized Observer Generation for\u00a0Runtime Verification in\u00a0Hardware and\u00a0Software","display_name":"R2U2 Version 3.0: Re-Imagining a\u00a0Toolchain for\u00a0Specification, Resource Estimation, and\u00a0Optimized Observer Generation for\u00a0Runtime Verification in\u00a0Hardware and\u00a0Software","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384471375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37709-9_23"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37709-9_23","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37709-9_23","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-37709-9_23.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-37709-9_23.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109322044","display_name":"Chris J. Johannsen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chris Johannsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University, Ames, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University, Ames, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026774201","display_name":"Phillip H. Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8220-7552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phillip Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University, Ames, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University, Ames, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078484118","display_name":"Brian Kempa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2239-4218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Kempa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University, Ames, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University, Ames, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049964874","display_name":"Kristin Yvonne Rozier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6718-2828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristin Yvonne Rozier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University, Ames, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University, Ames, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047257684","display_name":"Pei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9560-2175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC, Sunnyvale, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC, Sunnyvale, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109322044"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":10.7492,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98740508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"483","last_page":"497"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toolchain","display_name":"Toolchain","score":0.9382132291793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8712320923805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.6857935190200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.673973798751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suite","display_name":"Suite","score":0.5854141116142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/runtime-verification","display_name":"Runtime verification","score":0.5217779278755188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.49886155128479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4964185357093811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.47138887643814087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4516323506832123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3894481062889099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.32306820154190063}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777062904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545406","display_name":"Toolchain","level":3,"score":0.9382132291793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8712320923805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.6857935190200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.673973798751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.5854141116142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202973057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380130","display_name":"Runtime verification","level":3,"score":0.5217779278755188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.49886155128479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4964185357093811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.47138887643814087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4516323506832123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3894481062889099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.32306820154190063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37709-9_23","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37709-9_23","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-37709-9_23.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37709-9_23","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37709-9_23","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-37709-9_23.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1096672974","display_name":"AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS ARE ONLY CAPABLE OF EFFECTIVE SELF GOVERNING IF THEY CAN RELIABLY SENSE THEIR OWN FAULTS AND RESPOND TO FAILURES AND UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. WE PROPOSE TO DESIGN A REAL TIME  ONBOARD RUNTIME VERIFICATION AND SYSTEM HEALTH MANAGEMENT SHM FRAMEWORK CALLED R2U2  TO CONTINUOUSLY MONITOR ESSENTIAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS SUCH AS SENSORS  SOFTWARE  AND HARDWARE FOR DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF FAILURES AND VIOLATIONS OF SAFETY OR PERFORMANCE RULES DURING THE MISSION OF AUTONOMOUS SPACE SYSTEMS  SUCH AS ROVERS  SMALL SATELLITES  OR UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS UAS FLYING IN THE SKIES OF OTHER PLANETS. OUR APPROACH TO SHM IS THREE PRONGED  PROVIDING: 1. REAL TIME MONITORING OF SOFTWARE AND SIGNALS;  2. SIGNAL ANALYSIS  PREPROCESSING  AND ADVANCED ON THE FLY TEMPORAL AND BAYESIAN PROBABILISTIC FAULT DIAGNOSIS;  3. AN UNOBTRUSIVE  LIGHTWEIGHT  LOW POWER REALIZATION THAT IS ADAPTABLE TO THE MULTIPLE PLATFORMS AND ARCHITECTURES OF MODERN SPACE SYSTEMS. OUR HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION  USING FIELD PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAYS FPGAS  AVOIDS OVERBURDENING LIMITED COMPUTING RESOURCES OR OVERHEAD SOFTWARE INSTRUMENTATION WHILE PROVIDING ABSOLUTE TIMING GUARANTEES. OUR SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATIONS PROVIDE ALTERNATIVES FOR NATIVE MONITORING  AVOIDING BANDWIDTH AND DATA TRANSMISSION CHALLENGES OF HARDWARE. WE COMBINE SOFTWARE AND SENSOR ANALYSIS FOR AUTONOMOUS REASONING AT THE SYSTEM LEVEL. WE PROPOSE A NOVEL APPROACH OF CREATING NO OVERHEAD HARDWARE  AND LOW OVERHEAD SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF RESPONSIVE RUNTIME TEMPORAL LOGIC OBSERVERS. TEMPORAL LOGIC OBSERVERS CAN INTUITIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY REASON ABOUT COMPLEX PATTERNS  SUCH AS FAULTS THAT OCCUR GRADUALLY OVER TIME. THESE OBSERVERS CAN SERVE AS STAND ALONE SYSTEM MONITORS  SENDING OUT AN ALERT WHEN A VIOLATION OF A SAFETY PROPERTY OCCURS  OR THEY CAN SERVE IN COMBINATION WITH BAYESIAN NETWORK BASED PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS FOR ADVANCED SYSTEM HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND REAL TIME DIAGNOSIS. OUR PROPOSED RESEARCH PROGRAM INCLUDES BOTH DEVELOPING THIS NOVEL APPROACH AND DEMONSTRATING ITS CAPABILITIES ON A REPRESENTATIVE SET OF DEMONSTRATION PLATFORMS. R2U2 STANDS FOR RESPONSIVE  REALIZABLE  UNOBTRUSIVE UNIT; IT IS NAMED AFTER ITS THREE CRUCIAL PROPERTIES THAT ARE CURRENTLY ABSENT FROM STATE OF THE ART SHM CAPABILITIES. RESPONSIVENESS MEANS EVALUATING SYSTEM HEALTH IN REAL TIME  WITH PROVABLE TIMING AND PERFORMANCE GUARANTEES. REALIZABILITY INVOLVES BEING ADAPTABLE  EXTENSIBLE  AND SCALABLE TO MULTIPLE PLATFORMS AND ARCHITECTURES. UNOBTRUSIVENESS REQUIRES R2U2 TO OPERATE WITHOUT ALTERING CRUCIAL PROPERTIES OF THE SYSTEM: FUNCTIONALITY  CERTIFIABILITY  TIMING  OR TOLERANCES FOR SIZE  WEIGHT  POWER  TELEMETRY BANDWIDTH  SOFTWARE OVERHEAD. R2U2 IS AN INNOVATIVE  LOW TRL FRAMEWORK FOR RUNTIME VERIFICATION AND SYSTEM HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF ADVANCED SPACE SYSTEMS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGIES THAT SPECIFICALLY ADDRESSES THE NEED TO BE ABLE TO DETECT FAULTS DUE TO HARSH ENVIRONMENTS OR OFF NOMINAL CONDITIONS TO ENABLE SELF GOVERNING AND PERFORMING TASKS AUTONOMOUSLY  WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION. OUR NEW DESIGN FOR RUNTIME OBSERVERS IS MULTI PLATFORM AND MULTI-ARCHITECTURE TO ADDRESS THE REQUIREMENTS AND CAPABILITIES OF THESE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS. R2U2 USES EXTERNAL SENSOR VALUES FOR GROUND-TRUTH OF SOFTWARE ANALYSIS. THE COMBINATION OF TEMPORAL LOGIC OBSERVERS AND BAYESIAN REASONING OVER BOTH SOFTWARE AND SENSORS ENABLES INTELLIGENT REAL-TIME DIAGNOSIS. IN PRELIMINARY STUDIES  WE HAVE SHOWN THAT OUR CONCEPT FOR R2U2 CAN DETECT COMPLEX FAULTS THAT ELUDED TEST ENGINEERS DURING NASA FLIGHT TESTS  WHILE OBEYING OUR REQUIREMENTS TO BE RESPONSIVE  REALIZABLE  AND UNOBTRUSIVE. A FULL SCALE VERSION OF R2U2  WITH OPTIONS FOR HARDWARE- AND SOFTWARE BASED IMPLEMENTATIONS WOULD HAVE TREMENDOUS IMPACT ON THE ABILITY OF AUTONOMOUS SPACE SYSTEMS TO PERFORM REAL TIME SYSTEM-LEVEL REASONING ABOUT THEIR HEALTH.","funder_award_id":"NNX16AR57G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1762991518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/V00252X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3189707954","display_name":"CPS: Medium: Resource-Aware Hierarchical Runtime Verification for Mixed-Abstraction-Level Systems of Systems","funder_award_id":"2038903","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5743657936","display_name":"CAREER:  Theoretical Foundations of the UAS in the NAS Problem (Unmanned Aerial Systems in the National Air Space)","funder_award_id":"1552934","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671297155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAREER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6735296933","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1552934","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6811115278","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC21M0121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322037","display_name":"Nuclear Safety and Security Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/05qk3ge34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384471375.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W143962766","https://openalex.org/W209085883","https://openalex.org/W1967690511","https://openalex.org/W1970932506","https://openalex.org/W1972798717","https://openalex.org/W2136128425","https://openalex.org/W2238768211","https://openalex.org/W2342083034","https://openalex.org/W2521443996","https://openalex.org/W2551408835","https://openalex.org/W2608488893","https://openalex.org/W2786726354","https://openalex.org/W2900390164","https://openalex.org/W2949405173","https://openalex.org/W2956582956","https://openalex.org/W3045529937","https://openalex.org/W3085284966","https://openalex.org/W3092606236","https://openalex.org/W3119205342","https://openalex.org/W3120743750","https://openalex.org/W3162997908","https://openalex.org/W3185189084","https://openalex.org/W3188341133","https://openalex.org/W3216647352","https://openalex.org/W4285125169","https://openalex.org/W4285133655","https://openalex.org/W4289294865"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4296900008","https://openalex.org/W1933722645","https://openalex.org/W2406499533","https://openalex.org/W2809618173","https://openalex.org/W3036403349","https://openalex.org/W4383898361","https://openalex.org/W2887757675","https://openalex.org/W2950360254","https://openalex.org/W1563456403","https://openalex.org/W2006962382"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"R2U2":[1,47],"is":[2],"a":[3,25,59,65,69],"modular":[4],"runtime":[5,26],"verification":[6],"framework":[7],"capable":[8],"of":[9,12,52],"monitoring":[10],"sets":[11],"specifications":[13],"in":[14,18],"real":[15],"time":[16],"and":[17,36,48,74],"resource-constrained":[19],"environments.":[20],"Such":[21],"environments":[22],"demand":[23],"that":[24,54,63],"monitor":[27],"be":[28],"fast,":[29],"easily":[30],"integratable,":[31],"accessible":[32],"to":[33,46,76],"domain":[34],"experts,":[35],"have":[37],"predictable":[38],"resource":[39,72],"requirements.":[40],"Version":[41],"3.0":[42],"adds":[43],"new":[44,60],"features":[45],"its":[49],"associated":[50],"suite":[51],"tools":[53],"meet":[55],"these":[56],"needs":[57],"including":[58],"front-end":[61],"compiler":[62],"accepts":[64],"custom":[66],"specification":[67],"language,":[68],"GUI":[70],"for":[71],"estimation,":[73],"improvements":[75],"R2U2\u2019s":[77],"internal":[78],"architecture.":[79]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}