{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366310665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30872-7_16","title":"Merkle Tree Ladder Mode: Reducing the Size Impact of NIST PQC Signature Algorithms in Practice","display_name":"Merkle Tree Ladder Mode: Reducing the Size Impact of NIST PQC Signature Algorithms in Practice","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366310665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30872-7_16"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-30872-7_16","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30872-7_16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075216938","display_name":"Andrew Fregly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5760-9197"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Fregly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Verisign Labs, Reston, VA, 20190, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5760-9197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Verisign Labs, Reston, VA, 20190, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017155974","display_name":"Joseph Harvey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9047-9320"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Harvey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Verisign Labs, Reston, VA, 20190, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9047-9320","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Verisign Labs, Reston, VA, 20190, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071427676","display_name":"Burton S. Kaliski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1233-5380"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Burton S. Kaliski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Verisign Labs, Reston, VA, 20190, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1233-5380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Verisign Labs, Reston, VA, 20190, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004712936","display_name":"Swapneel Sheth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5326-3800"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swapneel Sheth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Verisign Labs, Reston, VA, 20190, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0075-7914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Verisign Labs, Reston, VA, 20190, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075216938"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1043,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92012954,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"415","last_page":"441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.7066417932510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6585870981216431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.6233428120613098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.6120583415031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5437586903572083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5349295139312744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.528156042098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.47369882464408875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.45312172174453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merkle-tree","display_name":"Merkle tree","score":0.44722500443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature-algorithm","display_name":"Digital Signature Algorithm","score":0.4385562539100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-cipher-mode-of-operation","display_name":"Block cipher mode of operation","score":0.43575331568717957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byte","display_name":"Byte","score":0.42635589838027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3287507891654968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2358645498752594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.15580198168754578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-hash-function","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","score":0.14498552680015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.1250457465648651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.06855320930480957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.7066417932510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6585870981216431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.6233428120613098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.6120583415031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5437586903572083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5349295139312744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.528156042098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.47369882464408875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.45312172174453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.44722500443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202424057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224829","display_name":"Digital Signature Algorithm","level":4,"score":0.4385562539100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60448319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154021","display_name":"Block cipher mode of operation","level":2,"score":0.43575331568717957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.42635589838027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3287507891654968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2358645498752594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15580198168754578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7608002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477202","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","level":3,"score":0.14498552680015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.1250457465648651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.06855320930480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-30872-7_16","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30872-7_16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137705","https://openalex.org/W7678451","https://openalex.org/W1784881995","https://openalex.org/W1788452017","https://openalex.org/W1828150029","https://openalex.org/W1927311981","https://openalex.org/W1974630331","https://openalex.org/W2082525861","https://openalex.org/W2137848579","https://openalex.org/W2151460988","https://openalex.org/W2156539019","https://openalex.org/W2294833833","https://openalex.org/W2405633850","https://openalex.org/W2495312623","https://openalex.org/W2546529774","https://openalex.org/W2806487405","https://openalex.org/W2943740952","https://openalex.org/W2994955154","https://openalex.org/W3007841246","https://openalex.org/W3016194986","https://openalex.org/W3046367386","https://openalex.org/W3107498632","https://openalex.org/W3158980023","https://openalex.org/W3201715140","https://openalex.org/W4206147779","https://openalex.org/W4230975954","https://openalex.org/W4281384086","https://openalex.org/W4296842505","https://openalex.org/W4298051233","https://openalex.org/W4310446458","https://openalex.org/W4312750639","https://openalex.org/W4384948603","https://openalex.org/W6603692524"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392378177","https://openalex.org/W3177125027","https://openalex.org/W2365022962","https://openalex.org/W2967879079","https://openalex.org/W2383048426","https://openalex.org/W4387407403","https://openalex.org/W2785938443","https://openalex.org/W2356620339","https://openalex.org/W2382544190","https://openalex.org/W3200613697"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}