{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319866870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25803-9_7","title":"A Formal Semantics for\u00a0P-Code","display_name":"A Formal Semantics for\u00a0P-Code","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319866870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25803-9_7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25803-9_7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25803-9_7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-25803-9_7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-25803-9_7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011564290","display_name":"Nico Naus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3442-1543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nico Naus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3442-1543","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067135306","display_name":"Freek Verbeek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6625-1123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7876267","display_name":"Open University of the Netherlands","ror":"https://ror.org/018dfmf50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7876267"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Freek Verbeek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Open University of The Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands","Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6625-1123","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Open University of The Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7876267"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047478906","display_name":"Dale Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9692-1151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dale Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067528153","display_name":"Binoy Ravindran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-739X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binoy Ravindran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-739X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011564290"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":5.5597,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96283216,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"111","last_page":"128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8068973422050476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.7798784971237183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.6479872465133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-review","display_name":"Code review","score":0.4989900588989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.49705222249031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4865230917930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.4485819637775421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-program-analysis","display_name":"Static program analysis","score":0.30172601342201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.12248334288597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.0933663547039032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8068973422050476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.7798784971237183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.6479872465133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150292731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342704","display_name":"Code review","level":5,"score":0.4989900588989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.49705222249031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4865230917930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.4485819637775421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.30172601342201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.12248334288597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0933663547039032}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25803-9_7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25803-9_7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-25803-9_7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.ou.nl:publications/70529560-80f8-4387-ba19-61c14d36c7ad","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.ou.nl/en/publications/70529560-80f8-4387-ba19-61c14d36c7ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922485","display_name":"Open University of the Netherlands Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Naus, N, Verbeek, F, Walker, D & Ravindran, B 2023, A Formal Semantics for\u00a0P-Code. in A Lal & S Tonetta (eds), Verified Software. Theories, Tools and Experiments : 14th International Conference, VSTTE 2022. 1 edn, Springer, Cham, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), vol. 13800 LNCS, pp. 111-128, 14th International Conference on Verified Software. Theories, Tools and Experiments, VSTTE 2022, Trento, Italy, 17/10/22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25803-9_7","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25803-9_7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25803-9_7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-25803-9_7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4504108201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338406","display_name":"Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific","ror":"https://ror.org/01gs1cg95"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319866870.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17195072","https://openalex.org/W1982205631","https://openalex.org/W2514974017","https://openalex.org/W3206706367"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2969257295","https://openalex.org/W1638297612","https://openalex.org/W3006945192","https://openalex.org/W2904997879","https://openalex.org/W3049398420","https://openalex.org/W1976804602","https://openalex.org/W2390554102","https://openalex.org/W2909969119","https://openalex.org/W656101134","https://openalex.org/W3135060008"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Decompilation":[1],"is":[2,23,45,91,138],"currently":[3],"a":[4,81,85,95,130,158,193],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"tool":[7],"in":[8,14,42,165,206],"reverse":[9],"engineering":[10],"and":[11,77,88,128,145,168,182,208],"exploit":[12],"detection":[13],"binaries.":[15],"Ghidra,":[16,166],"developed":[17],"by":[18,140,191],"the":[19,26,38,58,143,146,169,186],"National":[20],"Security":[21],"Agency,":[22],"one":[24],"of":[25,66,107,149,157,188],"most":[27],"popular":[28],"decompilers.":[29],"It":[30,93],"decompiles":[31],"binaries":[32,150],"to":[33,50,68,79,103,212],"high":[34],"P-Code,":[35,53,114,167],"from":[36],"which":[37,99],"final":[39],"decompilation":[40,147],"output":[41],"C":[43],"code":[44],"generated.":[46],"Ghidra":[47,181,207,210],"allows":[48,209],"users":[49,55,211],"work":[51,202],"with":[52,151],"so":[54],"can":[56],"analyze":[57],"intermediate":[59],"representation":[60],"directly.":[61],"Several":[62],"projects":[63,177],"make":[64],"use":[65],"this":[67,123],"build":[69],"tools":[70],"that":[71,113,173,178,196],"perform":[72],"verification,":[73],"decompilation,":[74],"taint":[75],"analysis":[76,108],"emulation,":[78],"name":[80],"few.":[82],"P-Code":[83,127,160,194],"lacks":[84],"formal":[86,133,159],"semantics,":[87,98],"its":[89],"documentation":[90,144],"limited.":[92],"has":[94],"notoriously":[96],"subtle":[97],"makes":[100],"it":[101],"hard":[102],"do":[104],"any":[105],"sort":[106],"on":[109,180],"P-Code.":[110,183,215],"We":[111,171,184],"show":[112,172],"as-is,":[115],"cannot":[116],"be":[117],"given":[118],"an":[119],"executable":[120],"semantics.":[121,200],"In":[122],"paper,":[124],"we":[125],"augment":[126],"define":[129],"complete,":[131],"executable,":[132],"semantics":[134,161,190],"for":[135],"it.":[136],"This":[137],"done":[139],"looking":[141],"at":[142],"results":[148],"known":[152],"source":[153],"code.":[154],"The":[155],"development":[156],"uncovered":[162,203],"several":[163,204],"issues":[164,175,205],"documentation.":[170],"these":[174],"affect":[176],"rely":[179],"evaluate":[185],"executability":[187],"our":[189,199],"building":[192],"interpreter":[195],"directly":[197],"uses":[198],"Our":[201],"better":[213],"leverage":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}