{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295916136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16437-8_37","title":"A Penalty Approach for\u00a0Normalizing Feature Distributions to\u00a0Build Confounder-Free Models","display_name":"A Penalty Approach for\u00a0Normalizing Feature Distributions to\u00a0Build Confounder-Free Models","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295916136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16437-8_37","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36331278"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16437-8_37","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16437-8_37","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9629333","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023243554","display_name":"Anthony Vento","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Vento","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA","Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039683634","display_name":"Qingyu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6368-0889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA","Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6368-0889","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076777565","display_name":"Robert Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4225-6103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119170","display_name":"Missouri Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/02gw4vz38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119170"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis MO 63121, USA","Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis MO 63121, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055107125","display_name":"Kilian M. Pohl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-5159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kilian M. Pohl","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International, Menlo Park CA 94025, USA","Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA","Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-5159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, Menlo Park CA 94025, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015355317","display_name":"Ehsan Adeli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0579-7763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Adeli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA","Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0579-7763","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015355317"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3644,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83856524,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13433","issue":null,"first_page":"387","last_page":"397"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.8242062926292419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"Confounding","score":0.7811516523361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7304819822311401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6918853521347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.6006768345832825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5029370188713074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size-determination","display_name":"Sample size determination","score":0.48061034083366394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4538090229034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4475548565387726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4381634294986725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independence","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","score":0.4262089431285858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-model","display_name":"Linear model","score":0.41133832931518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3224376440048218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16934829950332642}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.8242062926292419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.7811516523361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7304819822311401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6918853521347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.6006768345832825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5029370188713074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.48061034083366394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4538090229034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4475548565387726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4381634294986725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.4262089431285858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163175372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3339222","display_name":"Linear model","level":2,"score":0.41133832931518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3224376440048218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16934829950332642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16437-8_37","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16437-8_37","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:36331278","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36331278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention : MICCAI ... International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9629333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9629333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9629333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9629333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1023219283","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 DA057567","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G154137205","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U01 AA017347","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1642646262","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K24 MH098759","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4159880576","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 MH113406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5811237459","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 AA017347","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzrsm59"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994616650","https://openalex.org/W2022434347","https://openalex.org/W2122328291","https://openalex.org/W2502224699","https://openalex.org/W2558531213","https://openalex.org/W2888725209","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963616706","https://openalex.org/W3081179611","https://openalex.org/W3092408118","https://openalex.org/W3109762849","https://openalex.org/W3175547470","https://openalex.org/W3196479938","https://openalex.org/W3204794091","https://openalex.org/W3212789936","https://openalex.org/W3214897340","https://openalex.org/W6601523666","https://openalex.org/W6629978961","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6828894009"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2159706976","https://openalex.org/W1975652640","https://openalex.org/W2160134589","https://openalex.org/W2136292188","https://openalex.org/W3109762849","https://openalex.org/W2885028158","https://openalex.org/W4200592998","https://openalex.org/W2068889012","https://openalex.org/W3041624120","https://openalex.org/W2460913564"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T13:16:06.693445","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}