{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323029499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14689-3_9","title":"Gender and Age Bias in Commercial Machine Translation","display_name":"Gender and Age Bias in Commercial Machine Translation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323029499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14689-3_9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14689-3_9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14689-3_9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220516","display_name":"Machine translation","issn_l":"2522-8021","issn":["2522-8021","2522-803X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319972","host_organization_name":"Springer International Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319972","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer International Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Translation: Technologies and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060377481","display_name":"Federico Bianchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6155-5531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Bianchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029055892","display_name":"Tommaso Fornaciari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1115-899X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tommaso Fornaciari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Italian National Police, Rome, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Italian National Police, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084505122","display_name":"Dirk Hovy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4618-3127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71209653","display_name":"Bocconi University","ror":"https://ror.org/05crjpb27","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71209653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Hovy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Sciences Department, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Sciences Department, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71209653"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032463780","display_name":"Debora Nozza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7998-2267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71209653","display_name":"Bocconi University","ror":"https://ror.org/05crjpb27","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71209653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debora Nozza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Sciences Department, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Sciences Department, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71209653"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084505122"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71209653"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0665,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74669203,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"159","last_page":"184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.7186458706855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographics","display_name":"Demographics","score":0.7056455612182617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6400157809257507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.6137946248054504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5722998380661011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/style","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","score":0.5425728559494019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5373979806900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-bias","display_name":"Gender bias","score":0.5307274460792542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5126756429672241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-linguistics","display_name":"Computational linguistics","score":0.47308284044265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.46972548961639404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.39882391691207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3600912094116211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.33756107091903687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.19934439659118652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.13515034317970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11324003338813782}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7186458706855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780084366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demographics","level":2,"score":0.7056455612182617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6400157809257507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.6137946248054504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5722998380661011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.5425728559494019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5373979806900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983427547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender bias","level":2,"score":0.5307274460792542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5126756429672241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.47308284044265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.46972548961639404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.39882391691207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3600912094116211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33756107091903687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.19934439659118652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.13515034317970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11324003338813782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14689-3_9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14689-3_9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220516","display_name":"Machine translation","issn_l":"2522-8021","issn":["2522-8021","2522-803X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319972","host_organization_name":"Springer International Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319972","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer International Publishing","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Translation: Technologies and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2250969425","https://openalex.org/W2251180427","https://openalex.org/W2251263615","https://openalex.org/W2253444830","https://openalex.org/W2539350388","https://openalex.org/W2891525068","https://openalex.org/W2912817604","https://openalex.org/W2950866572","https://openalex.org/W2952328691","https://openalex.org/W2954275542","https://openalex.org/W2962787423","https://openalex.org/W2963526187","https://openalex.org/W2963913356","https://openalex.org/W2972568911","https://openalex.org/W2972972637","https://openalex.org/W2986154550","https://openalex.org/W3034458735","https://openalex.org/W3034987021","https://openalex.org/W3035070478","https://openalex.org/W3035377849","https://openalex.org/W3035509916","https://openalex.org/W3037831233","https://openalex.org/W3090350559","https://openalex.org/W3098637735","https://openalex.org/W3100355250","https://openalex.org/W3101004475","https://openalex.org/W3103187652","https://openalex.org/W3118850584","https://openalex.org/W3121694563","https://openalex.org/W3155457426","https://openalex.org/W3155618984","https://openalex.org/W3167841296","https://openalex.org/W3168584517","https://openalex.org/W3172917028","https://openalex.org/W3174882277","https://openalex.org/W3175919386","https://openalex.org/W3204674870"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3121380072","https://openalex.org/W2058403539","https://openalex.org/W2333615638","https://openalex.org/W2602311653","https://openalex.org/W2964230772","https://openalex.org/W2768231286","https://openalex.org/W2973958681","https://openalex.org/W2942793592","https://openalex.org/W2883671469","https://openalex.org/W2728761353"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-21T23:30:37.877113","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}