{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285819142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10986-7_36","title":"A Survey of\u00a0Pretrained Language Models","display_name":"A Survey of\u00a0Pretrained Language Models","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285819142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10986-7_36"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10986-7_36","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10986-7_36","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013527348","display_name":"Kaili Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9620-569X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaili Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Key Lab of Multi-Source Information Mining and Security, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Lab of Multi-Source Information Mining and Security, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030600444","display_name":"Xudong Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6940-9531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xudong Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Key Lab of Multi-Source Information Mining and Security, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Lab of Multi-Source Information Mining and Security, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038336825","display_name":"Michael Y. Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Y. Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emmanuel College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 3AP, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emmanuel College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 3AP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.2793,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99027209,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"442","last_page":"456"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9587000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8102006912231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6425321698188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5068987011909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.42227593064308167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4204701781272888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-understanding","display_name":"Language understanding","score":0.4115299880504608}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8102006912231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6425321698188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5068987011909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.42227593064308167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4204701781272888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.4115299880504608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10986-7_36","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10986-7_36","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251939518","https://openalex.org/W2885195348","https://openalex.org/W2923014074","https://openalex.org/W2945260553","https://openalex.org/W2952370363","https://openalex.org/W2953356739","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2964110616","https://openalex.org/W2976457947","https://openalex.org/W2997200074","https://openalex.org/W3007759824","https://openalex.org/W3011574394","https://openalex.org/W3013545406","https://openalex.org/W3021636956","https://openalex.org/W3029351153","https://openalex.org/W3045669112","https://openalex.org/W3088409176","https://openalex.org/W3102725307","https://openalex.org/W3105966348","https://openalex.org/W3114651185","https://openalex.org/W3115462295","https://openalex.org/W3120188833","https://openalex.org/W3136657289","https://openalex.org/W3163457243","https://openalex.org/W3182737888","https://openalex.org/W3187134297","https://openalex.org/W3198122265","https://openalex.org/W3208624098","https://openalex.org/W4255421341","https://openalex.org/W6600617704","https://openalex.org/W6604190760","https://openalex.org/W6608093658","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6756821666","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}