{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226004257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98785-5_13","title":"A Matter of Degree: Characterizing the Amplification Power of Open DNS Resolvers","display_name":"A Matter of Degree: Characterizing the Amplification Power of Open DNS Resolvers","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226004257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98785-5_13"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98785-5_13","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98785-5_13","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/b79d4984-d8be-447b-bb8a-41a4cd3eef22","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054408544","display_name":"Ramin Yazdani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3893-7988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ramin Yazdani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091643049","display_name":"Roland van Rijswijk-Deij","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0249-8776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roland van Rijswijk-Deij","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043382340","display_name":"Mattijs Jonker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5174-9140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mattijs Jonker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025537461","display_name":"Anna Sperotto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9481-5846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Sperotto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054408544"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7611,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97334269,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"293","last_page":"318"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolver","display_name":"Resolver","score":0.9684686660766602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6493406295776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.4122699499130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.38110867142677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14761948585510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08844947814941406}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80156102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788036","display_name":"Resolver","level":3,"score":0.9684686660766602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6493406295776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.4122699499130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38110867142677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14761948585510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08844947814941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98785-5_13","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98785-5_13","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/b79d4984-d8be-447b-bb8a-41a4cd3eef22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/b79d4984-d8be-447b-bb8a-41a4cd3eef22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Yazdani, R, Rijswijk-Deij, R V, Jonker, M & Sperotto, A 2022, A matter of degree : characterizing the amplification power of open DNS resolvers. in O Hohlfeld, G Moura & C Pelsser (eds), Passive and Active Network Measurement : 23rd International Conference, PAM 2022, Virtual Event, March 28\u201330, 2022, Proceedings. Springer, Cham, pp. 293-318, 23rd Passive and Active Measurement Conference, PAM 2022, Virtual Conference, 28/03/22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98785-5_13","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7695795","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7695795","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7695795","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:publications/b79d4984-d8be-447b-bb8a-41a4cd3eef22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRdFVnPv0ts","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/b79d4984-d8be-447b-bb8a-41a4cd3eef22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/b79d4984-d8be-447b-bb8a-41a4cd3eef22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Yazdani, R, Rijswijk-Deij, R V, Jonker, M & Sperotto, A 2022, A matter of degree : characterizing the amplification power of open DNS resolvers. in O Hohlfeld, G Moura & C Pelsser (eds), Passive and Active Network Measurement : 23rd International Conference, PAM 2022, Virtual Event, March 28\u201330, 2022, Proceedings. Springer, Cham, pp. 293-318, 23rd Passive and Active Measurement Conference, PAM 2022, Virtual Conference, 28/03/22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98785-5_13","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3418842755","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"830927","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7331901853","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EU H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W148814131","https://openalex.org/W1859864512","https://openalex.org/W1912248131","https://openalex.org/W1927311981","https://openalex.org/W1989454965","https://openalex.org/W2028060714","https://openalex.org/W2028110717","https://openalex.org/W2050326248","https://openalex.org/W2111542531","https://openalex.org/W2144648100","https://openalex.org/W2402560368","https://openalex.org/W2588241235","https://openalex.org/W2746959142","https://openalex.org/W2908510818","https://openalex.org/W2910287288","https://openalex.org/W2969457648","https://openalex.org/W3012973047","https://openalex.org/W3093603548","https://openalex.org/W3093651667","https://openalex.org/W3094370721","https://openalex.org/W3102059489","https://openalex.org/W3105746555","https://openalex.org/W3150755353","https://openalex.org/W4200385810","https://openalex.org/W4213362721","https://openalex.org/W4288072852","https://openalex.org/W4300559383"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1526923327","https://openalex.org/W2121484818","https://openalex.org/W2142531896","https://openalex.org/W2804343227","https://openalex.org/W2158159993","https://openalex.org/W2369328568","https://openalex.org/W2377847262","https://openalex.org/W4210337026","https://openalex.org/W2588537960"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Open":[0],"DNS":[1,234],"resolvers":[2,24,35,67,93,115,128,140,162,186,201,231],"are":[3],"widely":[4],"misused":[5],"to":[6,16,39,70,99,110,129,205,218,242],"bring":[7,100],"about":[8,101],"reflection":[9],"and":[10,20,31,88,116,169,207,211],"amplification":[11,120,235],"DDoS":[12],"attacks.":[13],"Indiscriminate":[14],"efforts":[15],"address":[17],"the":[18,29,49,59,77,111,136,151,157,191,232],"issue":[19],"take":[21],"down":[22],"all":[23,65],"have":[25],"not":[26,54],"fully":[27],"resolved":[28],"problem,":[30],"millions":[32],"of":[33,79,96,113,138,159,184,199,229],"open":[34,66,80,92,114,139,161,185,200],"still":[36],"remain":[37],"available":[38],"date,":[40],"providing":[41],"attackers":[42],"with":[43,167],"enough":[44],"options.":[45],"This":[46],"brings":[47,108],"forward":[48],"question":[50],"if":[51],"we":[52,154,193,222],"should":[53],"instead":[55],"focus":[56,74],"on":[57,75,85,213],"eradicating":[58],"most":[60],"problematic":[61,127],"resolvers,":[62,81],"rather":[63],"than":[64],"indiscriminately.":[68],"Contrary":[69],"existing":[71],"studies,":[72],"which":[73,216],"quantifying":[76],"existence":[78],"this":[82],"paper":[83],"focuses":[84],"infrastructure":[86],"diversity":[87],"aims":[89],"at":[90],"characterizing":[91],"in":[94,119],"terms":[95],"their":[97,117,174],"ability":[98],"varying":[102],"attack":[103],"strengths.":[104],"Such":[105],"a":[106,196],"characterization":[107],"nuances":[109],"problem":[112],"role":[118],"attacks,":[121],"as":[122,176],"it":[123],"allows":[124],"for":[125,180],"more":[126],"be":[130,238],"identified.":[131],"Our":[132],"findings":[133],"show":[134,223],"that":[135,156,182,195,224],"population":[137],"lies":[141],"above":[142],"2.6M":[143],"range":[144],"over":[145],"our":[146],"one-year":[147],"measurement":[148],"period.":[149],"On":[150,190],"positive":[152],"side,":[153],"observe":[155],"majority":[158],"identified":[160],"cut":[163],"out":[164],"when":[165],"dealing":[166],"bulky":[168],"DNSSEC-related":[170],"queries,":[171],"thereby":[172],"limiting":[173],"potential":[175,236],"amplifiers.":[177],"We":[178],"show,":[179],"example,":[181],"59%":[183],"lack":[187],"DNSSEC":[188],"support.":[189],"downside,":[192],"see":[194],"non-negligible":[197],"number":[198],"facilitate":[202],"large":[203],"responses":[204],"ANY":[206],"TXT":[208],"queries":[209],"(8.1%":[210],"3.4%":[212],"average,":[214],"respectively),":[215],"stands":[217],"benefit":[219],"attackers.":[220],"Finally":[221],"by":[225,240],"removing":[226],"around":[227],"20%":[228],"potent":[230],"global":[233],"can":[237],"reduced":[239],"up":[241],"80%.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-24T08:33:08.758527","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}