{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4212985363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93733-1_26","title":"Embed Wisely: An Ensemble Approach to Predict ICD Coding","display_name":"Embed Wisely: An Ensemble Approach to Predict ICD Coding","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4212985363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93733-1_26"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93733-1_26","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93733-1_26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764900261","display_name":"Communications in computer and information science","issn_l":"1865-0929","issn":["1865-0929","1865-0937"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108495406","display_name":"Pavithra Rajendran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8691672","display_name":"KPMG (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05rjsp326","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135825","https://openalex.org/I8691672"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pavithra Rajendran","raw_affiliation_strings":["KPMG UK, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KPMG UK, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8691672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069241667","display_name":"Alexandros Zenonos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4694-1642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8691672","display_name":"KPMG (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05rjsp326","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135825","https://openalex.org/I8691672"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandros Zenonos","raw_affiliation_strings":["KPMG UK, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KPMG UK, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8691672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087289305","display_name":"Joshua Spear","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9366-8185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800349819","display_name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/03zydm450","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800349819"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Spear","raw_affiliation_strings":["Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800349819"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008687314","display_name":"Rebecca Pope","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6889-589X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800129641","display_name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00zn2c847","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800129641","https://openalex.org/I2800349819"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca Pope","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800129641","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108495406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8691672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3585,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64870147,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"371","last_page":"389"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7643865346908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7155833840370178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-embedding","display_name":"Word embedding","score":0.5506595373153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5503345727920532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5451736450195312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-classification","display_name":"Medical classification","score":0.5321012735366821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5028900504112244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.44415366649627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/de-facto","display_name":"De facto","score":0.43752142786979675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4272100329399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnosis-code","display_name":"Diagnosis code","score":0.4106496572494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4034881293773651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3545406460762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.34596168994903564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.34481629729270935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7643865346908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7155833840370178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.5506595373153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5503345727920532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5451736450195312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154874363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518464","display_name":"Medical classification","level":2,"score":0.5321012735366821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5028900504112244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.44415366649627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992317946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q712144","display_name":"De facto","level":2,"score":0.43752142786979675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4272100329399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45827449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270338","display_name":"Diagnosis code","level":3,"score":0.4106496572494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4034881293773651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3545406460762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.34596168994903564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.34481629729270935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93733-1_26","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93733-1_26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764900261","display_name":"Communications in computer and information science","issn_l":"1865-0929","issn":["1865-0929","1865-0937"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W2104321900","https://openalex.org/W2113501338","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2514776376","https://openalex.org/W2527896214","https://openalex.org/W2587690726","https://openalex.org/W2597655663","https://openalex.org/W2768948924","https://openalex.org/W2952436323","https://openalex.org/W2963087041","https://openalex.org/W2963578173","https://openalex.org/W2963680249","https://openalex.org/W2963850626","https://openalex.org/W2964142373","https://openalex.org/W2990136158","https://openalex.org/W2997050424","https://openalex.org/W3010955052","https://openalex.org/W3035294872","https://openalex.org/W3037541512","https://openalex.org/W3101475827","https://openalex.org/W3106092787","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W6735377749","https://openalex.org/W6755754581"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4286432911","https://openalex.org/W3134737443","https://openalex.org/W2967362169","https://openalex.org/W2419506399","https://openalex.org/W2794961837","https://openalex.org/W4377564205","https://openalex.org/W3080255662","https://openalex.org/W4367669108","https://openalex.org/W1546356981","https://openalex.org/W4297685458"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-02-24T00:00:00"}