{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3150521056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72240-1_23","title":"A White Box Analysis of ColBERT","display_name":"A White Box Analysis of ColBERT","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3150521056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72240-1_23","mag":"3150521056"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72240-1_23","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72240-1_23","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03364396","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010326252","display_name":"Thibault Formal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thibault Formal","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIP6, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75005, Paris, France","Naver Labs Europe, Meylan, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIP6, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75005, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naver Labs Europe, Meylan, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086752907","display_name":"Benjamin Piwowarski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6792-3262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Piwowarski","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIP6, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75005, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIP6, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75005, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031052064","display_name":"St\u00e9phane Clinchant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2367-8837"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"St\u00e9phane Clinchant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naver Labs Europe, Meylan, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naver Labs Europe, Meylan, France","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010326252"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.79,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92351185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"257","last_page":"263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7958816289901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axiom","display_name":"Axiom","score":0.7454948425292969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.502023458480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.4841752350330353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4628668427467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3259700834751129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12611925601959229}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7958816289901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167729594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17736","display_name":"Axiom","level":2,"score":0.7454948425292969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.502023458480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.4841752350330353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4628668427467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3259700834751129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12611925601959229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72240-1_23","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72240-1_23","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03364396v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03364396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"43rd EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION RETRIEVAL, Mar 2021, Lucca (online), Italy. pp.257-263, &#x27E8;10.1007/978-3-030-72240-1_23&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03364396v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03364396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"43rd EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION RETRIEVAL, Mar 2021, Lucca (online), Italy. pp.257-263, &#x27E8;10.1007/978-3-030-72240-1_23&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966835268","https://openalex.org/W2759999163","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2927996276","https://openalex.org/W2940927814","https://openalex.org/W2945127593","https://openalex.org/W2995446988","https://openalex.org/W3004654429","https://openalex.org/W3015612646","https://openalex.org/W3021397474","https://openalex.org/W3092302355","https://openalex.org/W3092952717","https://openalex.org/W3095156104","https://openalex.org/W3100107515","https://openalex.org/W3102286003","https://openalex.org/W3208821253","https://openalex.org/W6605614091","https://openalex.org/W6702248584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W178365807","https://openalex.org/W4240676090","https://openalex.org/W2081441417","https://openalex.org/W1970375080","https://openalex.org/W4386544785","https://openalex.org/W16157476","https://openalex.org/W1555836633","https://openalex.org/W1522717445","https://openalex.org/W42295635","https://openalex.org/W1973996291"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
