{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3139172940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_14","title":"Helmholtz: A Verifier for Tezos Smart Contracts Based on Refinement Types","display_name":"Helmholtz: A Verifier for Tezos Smart Contracts Based on Refinement Types","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3139172940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_14","mag":"3139172940"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_14","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_14.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_14.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055526173","display_name":"Yuki Nishida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5941-6770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuki Nishida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5941-6770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110542904","display_name":"Hiromasa Saito","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiromasa Saito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100400800","display_name":"Ran Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2770-4070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004779722","display_name":"Akira Kawata","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akira Kawata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035807746","display_name":"Jun Furuse","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Furuse","raw_affiliation_strings":["DaiLambda, Inc., Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DaiLambda, Inc., Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064121410","display_name":"Kohei Suenaga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7466-8789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kohei Suenaga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7466-8789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077485499","display_name":"Atsushi Igarashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-9764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atsushi Igarashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-9764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055526173"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":1.4364,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82315822,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"262","last_page":"280"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7957637310028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6324315667152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/helmholtz-free-energy","display_name":"Helmholtz free energy","score":0.6082214117050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.5914580225944519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decidability","display_name":"Decidability","score":0.5086644291877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-assistant","display_name":"Proof assistant","score":0.42938148975372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4002682864665985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3690114915370941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.13305902481079102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11037588119506836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7957637310028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6324315667152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27592594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865821","display_name":"Helmholtz free energy","level":2,"score":0.6082214117050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5914580225944519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153269930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430001","display_name":"Decidability","level":2,"score":0.5086644291877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203265346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11387554","display_name":"Proof assistant","level":3,"score":0.42938148975372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4002682864665985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3690114915370941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.13305902481079102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11037588119506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_14","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_14.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01221:0005669582","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2433/278338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems","raw_type":"conference paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp:2433/278339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2433/278339","pdf_url":"https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/278339/1/s00354-022-00167-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401454","display_name":"Kyoto University Research Information Repository (Kyoto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","host_organization_name":"Kyoto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7984548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7984548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.5446/54965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5446/54965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052952","display_name":"TIB KMO / FLOWWORKS GmbH","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_14","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_14.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139172940.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139172940.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67718509","https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1557561422","https://openalex.org/W1560253649","https://openalex.org/W1859811486","https://openalex.org/W1924116124","https://openalex.org/W1966790592","https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W1973094460","https://openalex.org/W2045900383","https://openalex.org/W2048417351","https://openalex.org/W2081109124","https://openalex.org/W2105656272","https://openalex.org/W2135322712","https://openalex.org/W2140566629","https://openalex.org/W2169417140","https://openalex.org/W2295923951","https://openalex.org/W2769609281","https://openalex.org/W2885034081","https://openalex.org/W2898652659","https://openalex.org/W2964144608","https://openalex.org/W3006291909","https://openalex.org/W3049516769","https://openalex.org/W4256174789","https://openalex.org/W6601987710","https://openalex.org/W6739589472","https://openalex.org/W6815704764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2331020993","https://openalex.org/W2972379433","https://openalex.org/W4383764068","https://openalex.org/W1481826604","https://openalex.org/W1797057780","https://openalex.org/W1501430220","https://openalex.org/W3187762542","https://openalex.org/W1587864502","https://openalex.org/W2583753471","https://openalex.org/W1505636692"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1],"smart":[2,33,73],"contract":[3],"is":[4,19,38,65,84],"a":[5,9,39,43,66,100,105,113,194],"program":[6,102,122],"executed":[7,77],"on":[8,12,78,86,127],"blockchain,":[10],"based":[11,126],"which":[13,64,156],"many":[14],"cryptocurrencies":[15],"are":[16,76],"implemented,":[17],"and":[18,48,167,171,191],"being":[20],"used":[21],"for":[22,42,62,71,149],"automating":[23],"transactions.":[24],"Due":[25],"to":[26,188],"the":[27,79,110,121,124,128,133,138,150,158],"large":[28],"amount":[29],"of":[30,88,91,112,154,173],"money":[31,187],"that":[32,45,75,185,192],"contracts":[34,74],"deal":[35],"with,":[36],"there":[37],"surging":[40],"demand":[41],"method":[44],"can":[46],"statically":[47,67],"formally":[49],"verify":[50],"them.":[51],"This":[52],"tool":[53,60],"paper":[54],"describes":[55],"our":[56,89,145],"type-based":[57],"static":[58],"verification":[59,135],"Helmholtz":[61,83,98,176],"Michelson,":[63,155],"typed":[68],"stack-based":[69],"language":[70],"writing":[72],"blockchain":[80],"platform":[81],"Tezos.":[82],"designed":[85],"top":[87],"extension":[90],"Michelson\u2019s":[92],"type":[93,115,130,147],"system":[94,148],"with":[95,104,137],"refinement":[96,114,129,146],"types.":[97],"takes":[99],"Michelson":[101,181],"annotated":[103],"user-defined":[106],"specification":[107,125],"written":[108],"in":[109],"form":[111],"as":[116,162],"input;":[117],"it":[118],"then":[119],"typechecks":[120],"against":[123],"system,":[131],"discharging":[132],"generated":[134],"conditions":[136],"SMT":[139],"solver":[140],"Z3.":[141],"We":[142],"briefly":[143],"introduce":[144],"core":[151],"calculus":[152],"Mini-Michelson":[153],"incorporates":[157],"characteristic":[159],"features":[160],"such":[161],"compound":[163],"datatypes":[164],"(e.g.,":[165],"lists":[166],"pairs),":[168],"higher-order":[169],"functions,":[170],"invocation":[172],"another":[174],"contract.":[175],"successfully":[177],"verifies":[178],"several":[179],"practical":[180],"programs,":[182],"including":[183],"one":[184],"transfers":[186],"an":[189],"account":[190],"checks":[193],"digital":[195],"signature.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
