{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3131385955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68787-8_24","title":"A Comparison of Character-Based Neural Machine Translations Techniques Applied to Spelling Normalization","display_name":"A Comparison of Character-Based Neural Machine Translations Techniques Applied to Spelling Normalization","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3131385955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68787-8_24","mag":"3131385955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68787-8_24","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68787-8_24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103099224","display_name":"Miguel Domingo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7910-4536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Domingo","raw_affiliation_strings":["PRHLT Research Center, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PRHLT Research Center, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020181962","display_name":"Francisco Casacuberta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-5598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Casacuberta","raw_affiliation_strings":["PRHLT Research Center, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PRHLT Research Center, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103099224"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03337619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"326","last_page":"338"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spelling","display_name":"Spelling","score":0.9483897686004639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.8651139736175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7262285947799683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthography","display_name":"Orthography","score":0.6782682538032532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6172488331794739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6047652959823608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.5841273069381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.474578857421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.472842276096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.09702950716018677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.06542965769767761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06512376666069031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.049852222204208374}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.9483897686004639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.8651139736175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7262285947799683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150670947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43091","display_name":"Orthography","level":3,"score":0.6782682538032532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6172488331794739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6047652959823608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.5841273069381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.474578857421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.472842276096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09702950716018677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.06542965769767761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06512376666069031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.049852222204208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68787-8_24","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68787-8_24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W214028658","https://openalex.org/W619445499","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1528300564","https://openalex.org/W1553878378","https://openalex.org/W1631260214","https://openalex.org/W1994616650","https://openalex.org/W2006969979","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2111798208","https://openalex.org/W2117717100","https://openalex.org/W2124807415","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2146574666","https://openalex.org/W2149327368","https://openalex.org/W2153653739","https://openalex.org/W2154124206","https://openalex.org/W2171421863","https://openalex.org/W2419539795","https://openalex.org/W2462051594","https://openalex.org/W2525778437","https://openalex.org/W2604838247","https://openalex.org/W2624926655","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2758074402","https://openalex.org/W2807629868","https://openalex.org/W2808154809","https://openalex.org/W2945958591","https://openalex.org/W2956146831","https://openalex.org/W2962732637","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2963212250","https://openalex.org/W2963251942","https://openalex.org/W2963532001","https://openalex.org/W2963805136","https://openalex.org/W2964265128","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W2970374987","https://openalex.org/W2982630078","https://openalex.org/W3082540007","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6782323485"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161008081","https://openalex.org/W4298186509","https://openalex.org/W2556702969","https://openalex.org/W217221262","https://openalex.org/W2349956239","https://openalex.org/W611030372","https://openalex.org/W1974418053","https://openalex.org/W2086674510","https://openalex.org/W4323027898","https://openalex.org/W2729795264"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}