{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3121475729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67438-0_4","title":"Putting Gradual Types to Work","display_name":"Putting Gradual Types to Work","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3121475729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67438-0_4","mag":"3121475729"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67438-0_4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67438-0_4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-67438-0_4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-67438-0_4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046168609","display_name":"Bhargav Shivkumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-9229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299907687","display_name":"Bloomberg (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdpzb15","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299907687"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bhargav Shivkumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bloomberg, New York, USA","SUNY - University at Buffalo, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-9229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bloomberg, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299907687"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SUNY - University at Buffalo, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067715723","display_name":"Enrique Naudon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299907687","display_name":"Bloomberg (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdpzb15","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299907687"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrique Naudon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bloomberg, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9878-2781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bloomberg, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299907687"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027309456","display_name":"Lukasz Ziarek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4353-1998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukasz Ziarek","raw_affiliation_strings":["SUNY - University at Buffalo, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SUNY - University at Buffalo, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046168609"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299907687","https://openalex.org/I63190737"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01421096,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"54","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7943536043167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.7875376343727112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-inference","display_name":"Type inference","score":0.7852087020874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5458401441574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metalanguage","display_name":"Metalanguage","score":0.4731762707233429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.47069716453552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-safety","display_name":"Type safety","score":0.4519883096218109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.44186022877693176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.29397499561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18554019927978516}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7943536043167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.7875376343727112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198370458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586459","display_name":"Type inference","level":3,"score":0.7852087020874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5458401441574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142998047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193983","display_name":"Metalanguage","level":2,"score":0.4731762707233429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.47069716453552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44779574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736866","display_name":"Type safety","level":2,"score":0.4519883096218109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.44186022877693176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.29397499561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18554019927978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67438-0_4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67438-0_4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-67438-0_4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67438-0_4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67438-0_4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-67438-0_4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3121475729.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3121475729.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1568983194","https://openalex.org/W1970075481","https://openalex.org/W1973186567","https://openalex.org/W1986022261","https://openalex.org/W1987203566","https://openalex.org/W2020899082","https://openalex.org/W2033348393","https://openalex.org/W2052973434","https://openalex.org/W2059895047","https://openalex.org/W2070088936","https://openalex.org/W2087307736","https://openalex.org/W2102473657","https://openalex.org/W2113556560","https://openalex.org/W2123357908","https://openalex.org/W2127402358","https://openalex.org/W2157266926","https://openalex.org/W2163976959","https://openalex.org/W2166822586","https://openalex.org/W2186781247","https://openalex.org/W2284690928","https://openalex.org/W2468080012","https://openalex.org/W2742478755","https://openalex.org/W2899197979","https://openalex.org/W2951317485","https://openalex.org/W2965144419","https://openalex.org/W2990278710","https://openalex.org/W3005147209","https://openalex.org/W3014933227","https://openalex.org/W3037296081","https://openalex.org/W3101460145","https://openalex.org/W3122109907","https://openalex.org/W3137596000","https://openalex.org/W3163132554","https://openalex.org/W4229717394","https://openalex.org/W4239999910","https://openalex.org/W4240775947","https://openalex.org/W4251493246"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3141365533","https://openalex.org/W1726238843","https://openalex.org/W4237270226","https://openalex.org/W2135265328","https://openalex.org/W2129345992","https://openalex.org/W2467914100","https://openalex.org/W2151275061","https://openalex.org/W2113556560","https://openalex.org/W2161193752","https://openalex.org/W4249990212"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"this":[2],"paper,":[3],"we":[4,37],"describe":[5],"our":[6,71,82,126,133,140,150],"experience":[7],"incorporating":[8],"gradual":[9,67,77,123,137],"types":[10,138],"in":[11,32,48,103,149],"a":[12,33,49,56,99],"statically":[13,50,100],"typed":[14,25,35,51,101],"functional":[15],"language":[16,102],"with":[17],"Hindley-Milner":[18],"style":[19],"type":[20,127],"inference.":[21],"Where":[22],"most":[23],"gradually":[24],"systems":[26],"aim":[27],"to":[28,81,98,105,139],"improve":[29],"static":[30,112],"checking":[31,47],"dynamically":[34],"language,":[36,141],"approach":[38,54],"it":[39],"from":[40],"the":[41,91,107,122,143],"opposite":[42],"perspective":[43],"and":[44,63,73,86,113,116,142],"promote":[45],"dynamic":[46,96,114],"language.":[52],"Our":[53],"provides":[55],"glimpse":[57],"into":[58],"how":[59,76],"languages":[60],"like":[61],"SML":[62],"OCaml":[64],"might":[65],"handle":[66],"typing.":[68],"We":[69,89],"discuss":[70],"implementation":[72],"challenges":[74],"faced\u2014specifically":[75],"typing":[78,97,115],"rules":[79],"apply":[80],"representation":[83],"of":[84,110,125,146],"composite":[85],"recursive":[87],"types.":[88],"review":[90],"various":[92],"implementations":[93],"that":[94],"add":[95],"order":[104],"highlight":[106],"different":[108],"ways":[109],"mixing":[111],"examine":[117],"possible":[118],"inspirations":[119],"while":[120],"maintaining":[121],"nature":[124],"system.":[128],"This":[129],"paper":[130],"also":[131],"discusses":[132],"motivation":[134],"for":[135],"adding":[136],"practical":[144],"benefits":[145],"doing":[147],"so":[148],"industrial":[151],"setting.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}