{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3003915581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39431-8_44","title":"Offline Arabic Handwriting Recognition Using Deep Machine Learning: A Review of Recent Advances","display_name":"Offline Arabic Handwriting Recognition Using Deep Machine Learning: A Review of Recent Advances","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3003915581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39431-8_44","mag":"3003915581"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39431-8_44","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39431-8_44","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110963109","display_name":"Rami Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9353105","display_name":"Sudan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02fwtg066","country_code":"SD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9353105"]}],"countries":["SD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rami Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9353105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058869522","display_name":"Kia Dashtipour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9651-6487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","display_name":"University of Stirling","ror":"https://ror.org/045wgfr59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kia Dashtipour","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068981769","display_name":"Mandar Gogate","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1712-9014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mandar Gogate","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Merchiston Campus, Edinburgh, EH10 5DT, Scotland, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Merchiston Campus, Edinburgh, EH10 5DT, Scotland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030196845","display_name":"Ali Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0562-0682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109703491","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology - Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmfa837","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109703491"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Rochester Institute of Technology, Dubai, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Rochester Institute of Technology, Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109703491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422091","display_name":"Rui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8104-5432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026022035","display_name":"Kaizhu Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3034-9639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaizhu Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080408255","display_name":"Ahmad Hawalah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Hawalah","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082626629","display_name":"Ahsan Adeel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-6756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119664326","display_name":"University of Wolverhampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01k2y1055","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahsan Adeel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Wolverhampton, Edinburgh, EH16 5XW, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Wolverhampton, Edinburgh, EH16 5XW, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062211930","display_name":"Amir Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-082X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Merchiston Campus, Edinburgh, EH10 5DT, Scotland, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Merchiston Campus, Edinburgh, EH10 5DT, Scotland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058869522"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1498,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93571828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"457","last_page":"468"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8369097113609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic-script","display_name":"Arabic script","score":0.6107332706451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-character-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","score":0.6094859838485718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.5890244245529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.5743162035942078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5429165363311768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5264019966125488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.505108654499054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4783686697483063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.459231972694397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cursive","display_name":"Cursive","score":0.4378286600112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.22041505575180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.18004274368286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.13836625218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07730624079704285}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8369097113609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777323237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1828555","display_name":"Arabic script","level":3,"score":0.6107332706451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44868376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099089","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","level":4,"score":0.6094859838485718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.5890244245529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.5743162035942078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5429165363311768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5264019966125488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.505108654499054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4783686697483063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.459231972694397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778943297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079418","display_name":"Cursive","level":2,"score":0.4378286600112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.22041505575180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.18004274368286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.13836625218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07730624079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39431-8_44","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39431-8_44","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:napier-surface.worktribe.com:2867038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2867038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400544","display_name":"Research Output (Edinburgh Napier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I251738","host_organization_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W175300340","https://openalex.org/W1500351182","https://openalex.org/W1598147348","https://openalex.org/W1668972521","https://openalex.org/W2006202149","https://openalex.org/W2050828411","https://openalex.org/W2111376842","https://openalex.org/W2114662278","https://openalex.org/W2117153340","https://openalex.org/W2121616342","https://openalex.org/W2123907021","https://openalex.org/W2168508350","https://openalex.org/W2171927392","https://openalex.org/W2182297852","https://openalex.org/W2198918026","https://openalex.org/W2245896225","https://openalex.org/W2246729996","https://openalex.org/W2285099633","https://openalex.org/W2293167034","https://openalex.org/W2443508118","https://openalex.org/W2467325985","https://openalex.org/W2479263362","https://openalex.org/W2552629330","https://openalex.org/W2555500570","https://openalex.org/W2556799293","https://openalex.org/W2557447728","https://openalex.org/W2558129308","https://openalex.org/W2572219278","https://openalex.org/W2578197345","https://openalex.org/W2592549397","https://openalex.org/W2787592166","https://openalex.org/W2787868933","https://openalex.org/W2805216151","https://openalex.org/W2894895904","https://openalex.org/W2896653973","https://openalex.org/W2930015440","https://openalex.org/W3102762242"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804970853","https://openalex.org/W2126276832","https://openalex.org/W1928630823","https://openalex.org/W2147321602","https://openalex.org/W4317705930","https://openalex.org/W2552629330","https://openalex.org/W2097577190","https://openalex.org/W2136367598","https://openalex.org/W4231352113","https://openalex.org/W2067818920"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}