{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2983500700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33220-4_6","title":"Improving NLU Training over Linked Data with Placeholder Concepts","display_name":"Improving NLU Training over Linked Data with Placeholder Concepts","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2983500700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33220-4_6","mag":"2983500700"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33220-4_6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33220-4_6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-33220-4_6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-33220-4_6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084983451","display_name":"Tobias Schmitt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4240-679X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Schmitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000976929","display_name":"Cedric Kulbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-4728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143379178","display_name":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdh6x72","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cedric Kulbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013736713","display_name":"York Sure-Vetter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4522-1099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143379178","display_name":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdh6x72","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"York Sure-Vetter","raw_affiliation_strings":["FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084983451"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2094779,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"67","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8369138240814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.6499707698822021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.6479587554931641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retraining","display_name":"Retraining","score":0.6258812546730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5953576564788818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5242172479629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38523802161216736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33165645599365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3287661671638489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.2707437574863434}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8369138240814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6499707698822021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.6479587554931641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505966","display_name":"Retraining","level":2,"score":0.6258812546730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5953576564788818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5242172479629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38523802161216736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33165645599365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3287661671638489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.2707437574863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33220-4_6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33220-4_6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-33220-4_6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:EVASTAR-Karlsruhe.de:1000104894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000104894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401992","display_name":"Repository KITopen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","host_organization_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 0302-9743, 1611-3349","raw_type":"doc-type:conferenceObject"},{"id":"doi:10.5445/ir/1000104894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000104894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052948","display_name":"KITopen","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33220-4_6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33220-4_6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-33220-4_6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2983500700.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2983500700.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11155487","https://openalex.org/W198996565","https://openalex.org/W1579838312","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W1964812476","https://openalex.org/W1997642925","https://openalex.org/W2120375264","https://openalex.org/W2220374841","https://openalex.org/W2567591224","https://openalex.org/W2624871570","https://openalex.org/W2755957574","https://openalex.org/W2759200442","https://openalex.org/W2761896474","https://openalex.org/W2772604077","https://openalex.org/W2786860129","https://openalex.org/W2788460763","https://openalex.org/W2798302980","https://openalex.org/W2804819854","https://openalex.org/W2810821963","https://openalex.org/W2897264997","https://openalex.org/W2962779279","https://openalex.org/W2963102202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006651773","https://openalex.org/W2027050655","https://openalex.org/W3028244590","https://openalex.org/W2014369232","https://openalex.org/W2050078012","https://openalex.org/W3122042562","https://openalex.org/W4254349500","https://openalex.org/W2060761133","https://openalex.org/W2360307734","https://openalex.org/W3118581235"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conversational":[0],"systems,":[1,6],"also":[2,139],"known":[3],"as":[4,23],"dialogue":[5,50],"have":[7],"become":[8],"increasingly":[9],"popular.":[10],"They":[11],"can":[12,76],"perform":[13],"a":[14,101,118],"variety":[15],"of":[16,31,42,49,80,110,126,144],"tasks":[17],"e.g.":[18],"in":[19],"B2C":[20],"areas":[21],"such":[22],"sales":[24],"and":[25,106],"customer":[26],"services.":[27],"A":[28],"significant":[29],"amount":[30],"research":[32],"has":[33],"already":[34],"been":[35],"conducted":[36],"on":[37],"improving":[38],"the":[39,43,62,78,81,85,94,108,133,142,145],"underlying":[40],"algorithms":[41],"natural":[44],"language":[45],"understanding":[46],"(NLU)":[47],"component":[48,64],"systems.":[51],"This":[52],"paper":[53],"presents":[54],"an":[55],"approach":[56,138],"to":[57,141],"generate":[58],"training":[59,74,86],"datasets":[60,75,87],"for":[61,93],"NLU":[63,82,134,146],"from":[65],"Linked":[66,129],"Data":[67,130],"resources.":[68],"We":[69],"analyze":[70],"how":[71],"differently":[72],"designed":[73],"impact":[77],"performance":[79,109],"component.":[83,135,147],"Whereby,":[84],"differ":[88],"mainly":[89],"by":[90],"varying":[91],"values":[92],"injection":[95],"into":[96],"fixed":[97],"sentence":[98],"patterns.":[99],"As":[100],"core":[102],"contribution,":[103],"we":[104],"introduce":[105],"evaluate":[107],"different":[111],"placeholder":[112,122],"concepts.":[113],"Our":[114],"results":[115],"show":[116],"that":[117],"trained":[119],"model":[120],"with":[121],"concepts":[123],"is":[124],"capable":[125],"handling":[127],"dynamic":[128],"without":[131],"retraining":[132],"Thus,":[136],"our":[137],"contributes":[140],"robustness":[143]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
