{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2943775920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02152-8_9","title":"Foregrounding the Background: Business, Economics, Labor, and Government Policy as Shaping Forces in Early Digital Computing History","display_name":"Foregrounding the Background: Business, Economics, Labor, and Government Policy as Shaping Forces in Early Digital Computing History","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2943775920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02152-8_9","mag":"2943775920"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02152-8_9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02152-8_9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196952","display_name":"History of computing","issn_l":"2190-6831","issn":["2190-6831","2190-684X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"History of Computing","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112742467","display_name":"William Aspray","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William Aspray","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049685768","display_name":"Christopher Loughnane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-6939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Loughnane","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112742467"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04928458,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"159","last_page":"178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foregrounding","display_name":"Foregrounding","score":0.8295723795890808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-computing","display_name":"History of computing","score":0.610844612121582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-economy","display_name":"Digital economy","score":0.4974255859851837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.45864182710647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.45273321866989136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.4481354355812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.42016297578811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-model","display_name":"Business model","score":0.4150159955024719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3079473078250885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.19454529881477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.16929033398628235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.14360132813453674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.08141231536865234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777425269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5468194","display_name":"Foregrounding","level":2,"score":0.8295723795890808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778653333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2735691","display_name":"History of computing","level":2,"score":0.610844612121582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203043789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138461","display_name":"Digital economy","level":2,"score":0.4974255859851837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.45864182710647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.45273321866989136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4481354355812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.42016297578811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4216890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815823","display_name":"Business model","level":2,"score":0.4150159955024719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3079473078250885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.19454529881477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16929033398628235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.14360132813453674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08141231536865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02152-8_9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02152-8_9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210196952","display_name":"History of computing","issn_l":"2190-6831","issn":["2190-6831","2190-684X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"History of Computing","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66928734","https://openalex.org/W223448065","https://openalex.org/W334091206","https://openalex.org/W588637977","https://openalex.org/W636269123","https://openalex.org/W636507028","https://openalex.org/W1481727836","https://openalex.org/W1496554885","https://openalex.org/W1512036602","https://openalex.org/W1528046554","https://openalex.org/W1531774004","https://openalex.org/W1532344557","https://openalex.org/W1541427141","https://openalex.org/W1557277859","https://openalex.org/W1583816614","https://openalex.org/W1608604832","https://openalex.org/W1965293680","https://openalex.org/W1976934988","https://openalex.org/W1979109494","https://openalex.org/W1982814825","https://openalex.org/W2012458055","https://openalex.org/W2019315455","https://openalex.org/W2020440142","https://openalex.org/W2040758677","https://openalex.org/W2045115023","https://openalex.org/W2050463930","https://openalex.org/W2057714095","https://openalex.org/W2071049876","https://openalex.org/W2125660143","https://openalex.org/W2132537109","https://openalex.org/W2140132867","https://openalex.org/W2158139600","https://openalex.org/W2166187994","https://openalex.org/W2239257441","https://openalex.org/W2298252824","https://openalex.org/W2313005348","https://openalex.org/W2314668748","https://openalex.org/W2319955957","https://openalex.org/W2329880178","https://openalex.org/W2336928398","https://openalex.org/W2401612741","https://openalex.org/W2415097820","https://openalex.org/W2439693105","https://openalex.org/W2487400376","https://openalex.org/W2491978582","https://openalex.org/W2493096198","https://openalex.org/W2498745133","https://openalex.org/W2509143178","https://openalex.org/W2560930436","https://openalex.org/W2611725150","https://openalex.org/W2796646268","https://openalex.org/W2913466689","https://openalex.org/W3148770097","https://openalex.org/W4231122329","https://openalex.org/W4233345682","https://openalex.org/W4236227918","https://openalex.org/W4240991674","https://openalex.org/W4244176233","https://openalex.org/W4249764980","https://openalex.org/W4251719792","https://openalex.org/W4253075065","https://openalex.org/W4298274749","https://openalex.org/W4300822814","https://openalex.org/W4300880126","https://openalex.org/W4319587986","https://openalex.org/W6631866430","https://openalex.org/W6638877062","https://openalex.org/W6644369290","https://openalex.org/W6661691738","https://openalex.org/W6674212871","https://openalex.org/W6772416191","https://openalex.org/W6836655496","https://openalex.org/W6981113123","https://openalex.org/W7024311879","https://openalex.org/W7028670902"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2372636939","https://openalex.org/W2375419049","https://openalex.org/W2382892360","https://openalex.org/W2347752579","https://openalex.org/W2391331958","https://openalex.org/W2921140331","https://openalex.org/W2392489182","https://openalex.org/W2386634418","https://openalex.org/W4382134125","https://openalex.org/W2370929719"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}