{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1493515727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3016-1_2","title":"Problems, Descriptions, and Objects","display_name":"Problems, Descriptions, and Objects","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1493515727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3016-1_2","mag":"1493515727"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-3016-1_2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3016-1_2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"OOIS\u201994","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051072937","display_name":"Michael Jackson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9201-4738"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Jackson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Development Consultant, 101 Hamilton Terrace, NW8 9QX, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Development Consultant, 101 Hamilton Terrace, NW8 9QX, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051072937"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15065982,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"25","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.07249999791383743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.07249999791383743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12490","display_name":"Software Engineering and Design Patterns","score":0.04520000144839287,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14222","display_name":"Knowledge Management and Technology","score":0.032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-orientation","display_name":"Object-orientation","score":0.7600970268249512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decomposition","display_name":"Decomposition","score":0.6790043115615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6328334212303162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5573232769966125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5202123522758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/development","display_name":"Development (topology)","score":0.487353652715683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.4523039162158966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.37819913029670715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-oriented-programming","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","score":0.37637215852737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3577498197555542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35289621353149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.33257561922073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25068289041519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.24930140376091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13234740495681763}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120968358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2011845","display_name":"Object-orientation","level":3,"score":0.7600970268249512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.6790043115615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6328334212303162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5573232769966125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5202123522758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776542497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5266672","display_name":"Development (topology)","level":2,"score":0.487353652715683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.4523039162158966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37819913029670715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73752529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79872","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","level":2,"score":0.37637215852737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3577498197555542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35289621353149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.33257561922073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25068289041519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.24930140376091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13234740495681763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-3016-1_2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3016-1_2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"OOIS\u201994","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W152596692","https://openalex.org/W304107259","https://openalex.org/W1492160417","https://openalex.org/W1557557006","https://openalex.org/W1576357208","https://openalex.org/W1605464594","https://openalex.org/W1649645444","https://openalex.org/W1970495662","https://openalex.org/W2009828516","https://openalex.org/W2023825274","https://openalex.org/W2087854018","https://openalex.org/W2168468191","https://openalex.org/W2295988014","https://openalex.org/W2318940639","https://openalex.org/W3144368627","https://openalex.org/W4206337257","https://openalex.org/W4210886820"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210439951","https://openalex.org/W1426843829","https://openalex.org/W1995425467","https://openalex.org/W4295725191","https://openalex.org/W2522029604","https://openalex.org/W1605609039","https://openalex.org/W1493931182","https://openalex.org/W1536796302","https://openalex.org/W2480460089","https://openalex.org/W2039411485"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}