{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4300500638","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73003-5_107","title":"Universal Latent Workstation","display_name":"Universal Latent Workstation","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4300500638","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73003-5_107"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-0-387-73003-5_107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73003-5_107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306509329","display_name":"Encyclopedia of Biometrics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Encyclopedia of Biometrics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"reference-entry","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071038702","display_name":"Tom Hopper","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327714866","display_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","ror":"https://ror.org/00ta5r839","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1314586196","https://openalex.org/I1327714866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095362","display_name":"Department of Justice","ror":"https://ror.org/00pqj0a35","country_code":"IE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800263200","https://openalex.org/I4210095362"]}],"countries":["IE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tom Hopper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Criminal Justice Information Services Division, FBI (Retired),  ,","Criminal Justice Information Services Division, FBI (Retired), \u00a0,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Criminal Justice Information Services Division, FBI (Retired),  ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Criminal Justice Information Services Division, FBI (Retired), \u00a0,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327714866"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071038702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327714866","https://openalex.org/I4210095362"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1352","last_page":"1356"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9535999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workstation","display_name":"Workstation","score":0.7453998327255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5682712197303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.38923341035842896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67953723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192525","display_name":"Workstation","level":2,"score":0.7453998327255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5682712197303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.38923341035842896}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-0-387-73003-5_107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73003-5_107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306509329","display_name":"Encyclopedia of Biometrics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Encyclopedia of Biometrics","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1639795441","https://openalex.org/W2158359334","https://openalex.org/W4235245468","https://openalex.org/W4242257874"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2045348955","https://openalex.org/W2352028719","https://openalex.org/W2584886384","https://openalex.org/W2378667902","https://openalex.org/W2791088446","https://openalex.org/W2052769075","https://openalex.org/W4206808270","https://openalex.org/W1994814170","https://openalex.org/W2385076265"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}