{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1858799945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-70659-3_56","title":"Combination of Tangent Vectors and Local Representations for Handwritten Digit Recognition","display_name":"Combination of Tangent Vectors and Local Representations for Handwritten Digit Recognition","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1858799945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-70659-3_56","mag":"1858799945"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-70659-3_56","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-70659-3_56","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://www-i6.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/publications/downloader.php?id=54&row=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066294527","display_name":"Daniel Keysers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8765-475X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Keysers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik VI - Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen - University of Technology, 52056, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik VI - Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen - University of Technology, 52056, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102939161","display_name":"Roberto Paredes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1841-6210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134847","display_name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n en tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones (TIC)","ror":"https://ror.org/02s69db58","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134847"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Paredes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134847","https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112501010","display_name":"Hermann Ney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hermann Ney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik VI - Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen - University of Technology, 52056, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik VI - Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen - University of Technology, 52056, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073107684","display_name":"Enrique Vidal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4579-5196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134847","display_name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n en tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones (TIC)","ror":"https://ror.org/02s69db58","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134847"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrique Vidal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134847","https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"538","last_page":"547"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7117049098014832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affine-transformation","display_name":"Affine transformation","score":0.7070595026016235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tangent","display_name":"Tangent","score":0.6425840258598328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6395490169525146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.578127920627594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5605444312095642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digit-recognition","display_name":"Digit recognition","score":0.544979453086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tangent-vector","display_name":"Tangent vector","score":0.5409875512123108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.44555217027664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.43199974298477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.41848641633987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35478731989860535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24289682507514954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.10188347101211548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.07179820537567139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.06518009305000305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7117049098014832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92757383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382497","display_name":"Affine transformation","level":2,"score":0.7070595026016235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138187205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131251","display_name":"Tangent","level":2,"score":0.6425840258598328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6395490169525146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.578127920627594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5605444312095642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984784707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Digit recognition","level":3,"score":0.544979453086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47890412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1179296","display_name":"Tangent vector","level":3,"score":0.5409875512123108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.44555217027664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.43199974298477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41848641633987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35478731989860535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24289682507514954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.10188347101211548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.07179820537567139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.06518009305000305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-70659-3_56","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-70659-3_56","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:88239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/88239","pdf_url":"http://www-i6.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/publications/downloader.php?id=54&row=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401362","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Structural, syntactic, and statistical pattern recognition : joint IAPR international workshops ; proceedings / SSPR 2002 and SPR 2002, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, August 6 - 9, 2002. Terry Caelli ... (ed.)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.19.2895","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.19.2895","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www-i6.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/PostScript/InterneArbeiten/Keysers_Combination_of_Tangent_Vectors_and_Local_Representations_for_Handwritten_Digit_Recognition_SPR_2002.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.19.4279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.19.4279","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www-i6.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/~keysers/SPR2002.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.69.3807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.69.3807","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www-i6.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/~keysers/SPR2002.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:88239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/88239","pdf_url":"http://www-i6.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/publications/downloader.php?id=54&row=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401362","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Structural, syntactic, and statistical pattern recognition : joint IAPR international workshops ; proceedings / SSPR 2002 and SPR 2002, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, August 6 - 9, 2002. Terry Caelli ... (ed.)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1858799945.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1858799945.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525596811","https://openalex.org/W1576278180","https://openalex.org/W1590869108","https://openalex.org/W1600737329","https://openalex.org/W1605166906","https://openalex.org/W1799175275","https://openalex.org/W1856497286","https://openalex.org/W2015206503","https://openalex.org/W2101430057","https://openalex.org/W2121649666","https://openalex.org/W2124087378","https://openalex.org/W2137291015","https://openalex.org/W2137512539","https://openalex.org/W2160059488","https://openalex.org/W2296661036","https://openalex.org/W2427881153","https://openalex.org/W2799061466","https://openalex.org/W4205687621","https://openalex.org/W4234674466","https://openalex.org/W7014191107"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021174839","https://openalex.org/W4243792188","https://openalex.org/W4242263702","https://openalex.org/W2361271799","https://openalex.org/W4243493531","https://openalex.org/W2060675723","https://openalex.org/W2785123783","https://openalex.org/W1969325112","https://openalex.org/W2392427473","https://openalex.org/W83887408"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}