{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2101519134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60925-3_43","title":"Learning language using genetic algorithms","display_name":"Learning language using genetic algorithms","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2101519134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60925-3_43","mag":"2101519134"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-60925-3_43","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60925-3_43","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027185136","display_name":"Tony C. Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony C. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand","UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045934263","display_name":"Ian H. Witten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6428-8988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian H. Witten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand","UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4351,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62819937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"132","last_page":"145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.7412524223327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bootstrapping","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","score":0.7198314070701599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6779472827911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6079586744308472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar-induction","display_name":"Grammar induction","score":0.5876378417015076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5728784203529358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.5412594079971313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5233879685401917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.49078568816185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4882207214832306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4379429817199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21478423476219177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.18909373879432678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1756458878517151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7412524223327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.7198314070701599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6779472827911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6079586744308472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56601403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5593673","display_name":"Grammar induction","level":3,"score":0.5876378417015076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5728784203529358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.5412594079971313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5233879685401917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.49078568816185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4882207214832306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4379429817199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21478423476219177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.18909373879432678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1756458878517151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-60925-3_43","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60925-3_43","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.48.6929","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.48.6929","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/publications/1996/TCS-IHW96.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz:10289/1360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10289/1360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400944","display_name":"Research Commons (University of Waikato)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","host_organization_name":"University of Waikato","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Contribution"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109583401","https://openalex.org/W131615322","https://openalex.org/W1502023054","https://openalex.org/W1560013842","https://openalex.org/W1969005071","https://openalex.org/W1982937510","https://openalex.org/W1994851566","https://openalex.org/W2060536073","https://openalex.org/W2070611481","https://openalex.org/W2138947530","https://openalex.org/W2151676833","https://openalex.org/W2159859038","https://openalex.org/W2160204234","https://openalex.org/W2174380942","https://openalex.org/W2486946830","https://openalex.org/W4206462942","https://openalex.org/W4249966242","https://openalex.org/W6604485928","https://openalex.org/W6605399227","https://openalex.org/W6633431331","https://openalex.org/W6634400139","https://openalex.org/W6649065642","https://openalex.org/W6722366971"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W123468065","https://openalex.org/W1517025915","https://openalex.org/W4237776144","https://openalex.org/W1974236250","https://openalex.org/W3144287057","https://openalex.org/W2170837769","https://openalex.org/W1487802415","https://openalex.org/W2026740477","https://openalex.org/W1964225978","https://openalex.org/W2174380942"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}