{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1840595579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60925-3_34","title":"Learning approaches for natural language processing","display_name":"Learning approaches for natural language processing","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1840595579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60925-3_34","mag":"1840595579"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-60925-3_34","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60925-3_34","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033486668","display_name":"Stefan Wermter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1343-4775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Wermter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany","UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005791318","display_name":"Ellen Riloff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellen Riloff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA","University of Utah,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100786121","display_name":"Gabriele Scheler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7425-4404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriele Scheler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany","Technical University Munich#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University Munich#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3054,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78805568,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connectionism","display_name":"Connectionism","score":0.872231125831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.839095950126648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.6202950477600098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6119365096092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5038439631462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.49388056993484497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/section","display_name":"Section (typography)","score":0.43321841955184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3968597948551178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32897433638572693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8521452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790","display_name":"Connectionism","level":3,"score":0.872231125831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.839095950126648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6202950477600098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6119365096092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5038439631462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.49388056993484497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780129039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931107","display_name":"Section (typography)","level":2,"score":0.43321841955184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3968597948551178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32897433638572693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-60925-3_34","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60925-3_34","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9413608","https://openalex.org/W30254004","https://openalex.org/W56933075","https://openalex.org/W71217768","https://openalex.org/W89291759","https://openalex.org/W116945753","https://openalex.org/W119707620","https://openalex.org/W140572648","https://openalex.org/W167985707","https://openalex.org/W174992473","https://openalex.org/W605575788","https://openalex.org/W626462138","https://openalex.org/W811578723","https://openalex.org/W1513959686","https://openalex.org/W1526508180","https://openalex.org/W1554031433","https://openalex.org/W1571096757","https://openalex.org/W1593045043","https://openalex.org/W1596324102","https://openalex.org/W1600796577","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1924403233","https://openalex.org/W1959983357","https://openalex.org/W1971844566","https://openalex.org/W1981558353","https://openalex.org/W1994851566","https://openalex.org/W1995167134","https://openalex.org/W1999138184","https://openalex.org/W2002020672","https://openalex.org/W2004162112","https://openalex.org/W2007709031","https://openalex.org/W2013825190","https://openalex.org/W2014435183","https://openalex.org/W2017125617","https://openalex.org/W2022083899","https://openalex.org/W2025625048","https://openalex.org/W2036631620","https://openalex.org/W2042302669","https://openalex.org/W2045466646","https://openalex.org/W2046224275","https://openalex.org/W2066160877","https://openalex.org/W2070811448","https://openalex.org/W2073308541","https://openalex.org/W2073683349","https://openalex.org/W2079690930","https://openalex.org/W2097333193","https://openalex.org/W2100796029","https://openalex.org/W2101602574","https://openalex.org/W2103496339","https://openalex.org/W2106154218","https://openalex.org/W2106474089","https://openalex.org/W2108470480","https://openalex.org/W2110485445","https://openalex.org/W2111094262","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2130747650","https://openalex.org/W2131136566","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2138584836","https://openalex.org/W2142131598","https://openalex.org/W2142269169","https://openalex.org/W2143685721","https://openalex.org/W2145222333","https://openalex.org/W2149706766","https://openalex.org/W2150381178","https://openalex.org/W2156822639","https://openalex.org/W2159637323","https://openalex.org/W2161327273","https://openalex.org/W2163953154","https://openalex.org/W2164949130","https://openalex.org/W2180885055","https://openalex.org/W2316166351","https://openalex.org/W2321661676","https://openalex.org/W2334801970","https://openalex.org/W2549046034","https://openalex.org/W2568058616","https://openalex.org/W2598912124","https://openalex.org/W2766736793","https://openalex.org/W2953014340","https://openalex.org/W3133056632","https://openalex.org/W3146803896","https://openalex.org/W3207342693","https://openalex.org/W4206462942","https://openalex.org/W4214759754","https://openalex.org/W4234536190","https://openalex.org/W4236490218","https://openalex.org/W4247083395","https://openalex.org/W4250688830","https://openalex.org/W4300402905","https://openalex.org/W6602877122","https://openalex.org/W6603256618","https://openalex.org/W6622796164","https://openalex.org/W6630057933","https://openalex.org/W6631337629","https://openalex.org/W6649065642","https://openalex.org/W6674571003","https://openalex.org/W6686482619","https://openalex.org/W6815599981","https://openalex.org/W6817491142","https://openalex.org/W6929430777","https://openalex.org/W7018201021","https://openalex.org/W7027485401","https://openalex.org/W7061012088"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205841273","https://openalex.org/W4205525690","https://openalex.org/W1732468982","https://openalex.org/W1761388607","https://openalex.org/W1997922073","https://openalex.org/W2560853036","https://openalex.org/W350032239","https://openalex.org/W4226226396","https://openalex.org/W3153750606","https://openalex.org/W4308854837"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}