{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2038428758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60800-1_22","title":"Architectures for natural language generation: Problems and perspectives","display_name":"Architectures for natural language generation: Problems and perspectives","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2038428758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60800-1_22","mag":"2038428758"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-60800-1_22","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60800-1_22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082609675","display_name":"Koenraad De Smedt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1187-8076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koenraad Smedt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitetet i Bergen;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitetet i Bergen;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019209157","display_name":"Helmut Horacek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","display_name":"Bielefeld University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hpadn98","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helmut Horacek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Linguistik und Literaturwissenschaft, Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501, Bielefeld, Deutschland","Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Linguistik und Literaturwissenschaft, Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501, Bielefeld, Deutschland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111602122","display_name":"Michael Zock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6169-0477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115485","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la M\u00e9canique et les Sciences de l'Ing\u00e9nieur","ror":"https://ror.org/01raq4x89","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102197404","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210115485","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Zock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Langage & Cognition, LIMSI-CNRS, B.P. 133, F-91403, Orsay cedex, France","LIMSI - CNRS,#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Langage & Cognition, LIMSI-CNRS, B.P. 133, F-91403, Orsay cedex, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210115485"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIMSI - CNRS,#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"17","last_page":"46"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicalization","display_name":"Lexicalization","score":0.8259202837944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.7347428202629089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situated","display_name":"Situated","score":0.6324533224105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5798079967498779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5736004710197449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-generation","display_name":"Natural language generation","score":0.5351565480232239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.5342198014259338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4655730426311493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.44219470024108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.43543022871017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3262091875076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3114336431026459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.21370917558670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.1469251811504364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.14022377133369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08536076545715332}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777532361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q687185","display_name":"Lexicalization","level":2,"score":0.8259202837944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.7347428202629089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132829578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581151","display_name":"Situated","level":2,"score":0.6324533224105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5798079967498779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5736004710197449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.5351565480232239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5342198014259338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4655730426311493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.44219470024108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.43543022871017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3262091875076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3114336431026459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21370917558670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1469251811504364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.14022377133369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08536076545715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-60800-1_22","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60800-1_22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-01479964v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-01479964","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Giovanni Adorni and Michael Zock. Trends in Natural Language Generation: an Artificial Intelligence Perspective, Springer Verlag, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 1036, pp.17-46, 1996","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":167,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5711943","https://openalex.org/W47994732","https://openalex.org/W80596397","https://openalex.org/W87556388","https://openalex.org/W91709719","https://openalex.org/W105249264","https://openalex.org/W114926995","https://openalex.org/W144314187","https://openalex.org/W149703297","https://openalex.org/W178804958","https://openalex.org/W182998912","https://openalex.org/W185985700","https://openalex.org/W317793146","https://openalex.org/W384185879","https://openalex.org/W647049502","https://openalex.org/W651449142","https://openalex.org/W1486253695","https://openalex.org/W1486434533","https://openalex.org/W1486486915","https://openalex.org/W1493882550","https://openalex.org/W1494401175","https://openalex.org/W1496646346","https://openalex.org/W1502417957","https://openalex.org/W1503720142","https://openalex.org/W1507098069","https://openalex.org/W1513310202","https://openalex.org/W1513836640","https://openalex.org/W1514499927","https://openalex.org/W1514583064","https://openalex.org/W1520377525","https://openalex.org/W1521808224","https://openalex.org/W1527762853","https://openalex.org/W1531496551","https://openalex.org/W1534011928","https://openalex.org/W1534541522","https://openalex.org/W1537809898","https://openalex.org/W1540822892","https://openalex.org/W1546928450","https://openalex.org/W1549872659","https://openalex.org/W1553956817","https://openalex.org/W1554027614","https://openalex.org/W1560369059","https://openalex.org/W1565831585","https://openalex.org/W1570031249","https://openalex.org/W1576917835","https://openalex.org/W1578262194","https://openalex.org/W1581124917","https://openalex.org/W1585283372","https://openalex.org/W1590033665","https://openalex.org/W1594134707","https://openalex.org/W1602907842","https://openalex.org/W1608403644","https://openalex.org/W1733954365","https://openalex.org/W1808701908","https://openalex.org/W1831624929","https://openalex.org/W1943086199","https://openalex.org/W1968833464","https://openalex.org/W1973924295","https://openalex.org/W1974525874","https://openalex.org/W1981558353","https://openalex.org/W1990334545","https://openalex.org/W1992258378","https://openalex.org/W1996822211","https://openalex.org/W2002161948","https://openalex.org/W2003901434","https://openalex.org/W2004415003","https://openalex.org/W2004443078","https://openalex.org/W2011877259","https://openalex.org/W2012628465","https://openalex.org/W2013486801","https://openalex.org/W2014205875","https://openalex.org/W2017427482","https://openalex.org/W2025542130","https://openalex.org/W2032527312","https://openalex.org/W2034742893","https://openalex.org/W2035989240","https://openalex.org/W2043153002","https://openalex.org/W2045738181","https://openalex.org/W2056092550","https://openalex.org/W2057138859","https://openalex.org/W2060361333","https://openalex.org/W2063958169","https://openalex.org/W2076648610","https://openalex.org/W2080413246","https://openalex.org/W2082977006","https://openalex.org/W2094790441","https://openalex.org/W2094924465","https://openalex.org/W2098502694","https://openalex.org/W2098675820","https://openalex.org/W2105162218","https://openalex.org/W2105725272","https://openalex.org/W2112164156","https://openalex.org/W2113786274","https://openalex.org/W2115584913","https://openalex.org/W2121991709","https://openalex.org/W2126938020","https://openalex.org/W2127979034","https://openalex.org/W2133365465","https://openalex.org/W2133695336","https://openalex.org/W2135313289","https://openalex.org/W2137659643","https://openalex.org/W2137870053","https://openalex.org/W2142322970","https://openalex.org/W2150188207","https://openalex.org/W2153939059","https://openalex.org/W2154259673","https://openalex.org/W2158020645","https://openalex.org/W2158467128","https://openalex.org/W2161720338","https://openalex.org/W2164079290","https://openalex.org/W2164408992","https://openalex.org/W2170931964","https://openalex.org/W2180809782","https://openalex.org/W2187794424","https://openalex.org/W2246238584","https://openalex.org/W2257626115","https://openalex.org/W2316306517","https://openalex.org/W2397253692","https://openalex.org/W2483053072","https://openalex.org/W2533053727","https://openalex.org/W2589016585","https://openalex.org/W2594879049","https://openalex.org/W2759521055","https://openalex.org/W2766736793","https://openalex.org/W2888877066","https://openalex.org/W2911480580","https://openalex.org/W2914222239","https://openalex.org/W3022353958","https://openalex.org/W3022363216","https://openalex.org/W3022994849","https://openalex.org/W3088867869","https://openalex.org/W3146921747","https://openalex.org/W3207342693","https://openalex.org/W4230480362","https://openalex.org/W4232199495","https://openalex.org/W4232693094","https://openalex.org/W4234821997","https://openalex.org/W4235367064","https://openalex.org/W4235728695","https://openalex.org/W4245991915","https://openalex.org/W4247000451","https://openalex.org/W4249352687","https://openalex.org/W4253460848","https://openalex.org/W4300402905","https://openalex.org/W4301239724","https://openalex.org/W6601978215","https://openalex.org/W6603548377","https://openalex.org/W6604668563","https://openalex.org/W6608411695","https://openalex.org/W6610690316","https://openalex.org/W6630714899","https://openalex.org/W6632262033","https://openalex.org/W6633209577","https://openalex.org/W6635060932","https://openalex.org/W6638924040","https://openalex.org/W6643543628","https://openalex.org/W6671150138","https://openalex.org/W6675748550","https://openalex.org/W6678320747","https://openalex.org/W6679737033","https://openalex.org/W6682256687","https://openalex.org/W6683001097","https://openalex.org/W6758808773","https://openalex.org/W7019361552","https://openalex.org/W7027653884","https://openalex.org/W7065947938","https://openalex.org/W7071965005"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092306155","https://openalex.org/W806220692","https://openalex.org/W2066060456","https://openalex.org/W382594479","https://openalex.org/W2152921782","https://openalex.org/W2096348842","https://openalex.org/W2470045054","https://openalex.org/W2575772232","https://openalex.org/W2140902089","https://openalex.org/W2030298461"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
