{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1602396384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60268-2_335","title":"Text recognition from grey level images using hidden Markov models","display_name":"Text recognition from grey level images using hidden Markov models","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1602396384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60268-2_335","mag":"1602396384"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-60268-2_335","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60268-2_335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025494212","display_name":"Kjersti Aas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0862-6898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144648426","display_name":"Norwegian Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02gm7te43","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144648426"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kjersti Aas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Computing Center, Blindern, P.O. Box 114, N-0314, Oslo, Norway","Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Computing Center, Blindern, P.O. Box 114, N-0314, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144648426"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144648426"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012404498","display_name":"Line Eikvil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9758-5747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144648426","display_name":"Norwegian Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02gm7te43","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144648426"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Line Eikvil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Computing Center, Blindern, P.O. Box 114, N-0314, Oslo, Norway","Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Computing Center, Blindern, P.O. Box 114, N-0314, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144648426"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144648426"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091498884","display_name":"Tove Andersen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144648426","display_name":"Norwegian Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02gm7te43","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144648426"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tove Andersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Computing Center, Blindern, P.O. Box 114, N-0314, Oslo, Norway","Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Computing Center, Blindern, P.O. Box 114, N-0314, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144648426"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144648426"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6464,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70333333,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"503","last_page":"508"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8376346230506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.7803344130516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.7522938251495361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6998633146286011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.6517868041992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6009197235107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5840802788734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.5308224558830261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.5243499279022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5196665525436401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.43830806016921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.43685853481292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-processing","display_name":"Document processing","score":0.428171306848526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.42763176560401917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperfect","display_name":"Imperfect","score":0.41289031505584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4033639430999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.400126576423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3538314700126648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.26288896799087524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.08825483918190002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07164883613586426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8376346230506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.7803344130516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.7522938251495361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6998633146286011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6517868041992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6009197235107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5840802788734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.5308224558830261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.5243499279022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5196665525436401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.43830806016921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.43685853481292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67905146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5287646","display_name":"Document processing","level":2,"score":0.428171306848526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.42763176560401917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.41289031505584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4033639430999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.400126576423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3538314700126648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.26288896799087524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08825483918190002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07164883613586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-60268-2_335","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60268-2_335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.217.3250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.217.3250","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.nr.no/~eikvil/CAIP.95.Aas.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.22.2765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.22.2765","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.nr.no/home/kjersti/../bild/PostScript/CAIP.95.Aas.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995050355","https://openalex.org/W2000528559","https://openalex.org/W2035789797","https://openalex.org/W2116702966","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2130891382","https://openalex.org/W2132813956","https://openalex.org/W2158441602","https://openalex.org/W3003427177","https://openalex.org/W4253573210","https://openalex.org/W6649102242"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2129389683","https://openalex.org/W179947483","https://openalex.org/W2168844671","https://openalex.org/W2218402054","https://openalex.org/W4312612713","https://openalex.org/W2085262576","https://openalex.org/W4383748232","https://openalex.org/W2902204561","https://openalex.org/W2386858327","https://openalex.org/W2964911286"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
