{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2144127604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57840-4_24","title":"Hardware and software: The closing gap","display_name":"Hardware and software: The closing gap","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2144127604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57840-4_24","mag":"2144127604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-57840-4_24","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57840-4_24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112251780","display_name":"C. A. R. Hoare","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. A. R. Hoare","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Laboratory, University of Oxford, 0X1 3QD, Oxford, UK","University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Laboratory, University of Oxford, 0X1 3QD, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford , Oxford , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010806343","display_name":"Ian Page","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Page","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Laboratory, University of Oxford, 0X1 3QD, Oxford, UK","University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Laboratory, University of Oxford, 0X1 3QD, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford , Oxford , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112251780"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1417,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95757576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"49","last_page":"68"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9656000137329102,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transputer","display_name":"Transputer","score":0.7802420258522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occam","display_name":"occam","score":0.7799719572067261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7467919588088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5822811126708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5143581628799438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closing","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","score":0.46822401881217957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4504165053367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gate-array","display_name":"Gate array","score":0.4447063207626343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flops","display_name":"FLOPS","score":0.43323153257369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.42171671986579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4190472364425659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.41861870884895325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.2389722764492035}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778319340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q776861","display_name":"Transputer","level":2,"score":0.7802420258522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78469957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838062","display_name":"occam","level":2,"score":0.7799719572067261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7467919588088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5822811126708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5143581628799438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778775528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","level":2,"score":0.46822401881217957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4504165053367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114901","display_name":"Gate array","level":3,"score":0.4447063207626343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3826847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188768","display_name":"FLOPS","level":2,"score":0.43323153257369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.42171671986579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4190472364425659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.41861870884895325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.2389722764492035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-57840-4_24","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57840-4_24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:e16f16b0-83ce-4697-bf5f-a564e8f21fff","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e16f16b0-83ce-4697-bf5f-a564e8f21fff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Department of Computer Science","raw_type":"Conference item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1006098191","https://openalex.org/W1928116401","https://openalex.org/W2078250023","https://openalex.org/W2110846749","https://openalex.org/W6645668827"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071165697","https://openalex.org/W2028587848","https://openalex.org/W1991099269","https://openalex.org/W1593705580","https://openalex.org/W1850053445","https://openalex.org/W2147958289","https://openalex.org/W1984698099","https://openalex.org/W2023633582","https://openalex.org/W574021660","https://openalex.org/W2196942743"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
