{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1602258557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56503-5_6","title":"Measure, stochasticity, and the density of hard languages","display_name":"Measure, stochasticity, and the density of hard languages","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1602258557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56503-5_6","mag":"1602258557"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-56503-5_6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56503-5_6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/2117/369817/1/1400012806.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064796448","display_name":"Jack H. Lutz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1004-3891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jack H. Lutz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science, Iowa State University, 50011, Ames, Iowa, USA","Iowa State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Iowa State University, 50011, Ames, Iowa, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075374500","display_name":"Elvira Mayordomo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9109-5337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elvira Mayordomo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. LSI, Univ. Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Pau Gargallo 5, 08028, Barcelona, Spain","Univ. Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. LSI, Univ. Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Pau Gargallo 5, 08028, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064796448"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1251,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77793494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"38","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.728610634803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-growth","display_name":"Exponential growth","score":0.6301673650741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decidability","display_name":"Decidability","score":0.6159321665763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-function","display_name":"Exponential function","score":0.5208324193954468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5172417759895325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.49770835041999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.475753515958786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-complexity","display_name":"Time complexity","score":0.4317287802696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.31488877534866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.08008041977882385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.728610634803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75235859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582659","display_name":"Exponential growth","level":2,"score":0.6301673650741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153269930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430001","display_name":"Decidability","level":2,"score":0.6159321665763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151376022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168698","display_name":"Exponential function","level":2,"score":0.5208324193954468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5172417759895325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.49770835041999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.475753515958786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.4317287802696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31488877534866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.08008041977882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-56503-5_6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56503-5_6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/369817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2117/369817","pdf_url":"https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/2117/369817/1/1400012806.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207057","display_name":"QRU Quaderns de Recerca en Urbanisme","issn_l":"2014-9689","issn":["2014-9689","2385-6777"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322448","host_organization_name":"Q71272178","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322448"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Q71272178"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"External research report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lib.dr.iastate.edu:cs_techreports-1133","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cs_techreports/108","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196104","display_name":"Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","host_organization_name":"Iowa State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science Technical Reports","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.432.6593","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.432.6593","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~lutz/=PAPERS/msdhl.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.44.3288","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.44.3288","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~lutz/=PAPERS/p18.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.55.8584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.55.8584","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.iastate.edu/tech-reports/TR92-13.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/369817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2117/369817","pdf_url":"https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/2117/369817/1/1400012806.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207057","display_name":"QRU Quaderns de Recerca en Urbanisme","issn_l":"2014-9689","issn":["2014-9689","2385-6777"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322448","host_organization_name":"Q71272178","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322448"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Q71272178"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"External research report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1602258557.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W86270532","https://openalex.org/W1501828261","https://openalex.org/W1525988444","https://openalex.org/W1552744309","https://openalex.org/W1602258557","https://openalex.org/W1970089350","https://openalex.org/W1970373826","https://openalex.org/W1979734360","https://openalex.org/W1988127406","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2001132147","https://openalex.org/W2023336906","https://openalex.org/W2039334189","https://openalex.org/W2045472305","https://openalex.org/W2065251436","https://openalex.org/W2068422506","https://openalex.org/W2068871408","https://openalex.org/W2077218542","https://openalex.org/W2083770479","https://openalex.org/W2090186532","https://openalex.org/W2099666280","https://openalex.org/W2112411244","https://openalex.org/W2122455640","https://openalex.org/W2122842369","https://openalex.org/W2176419554","https://openalex.org/W2258123368","https://openalex.org/W4389332568"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1634993130","https://openalex.org/W1602624896","https://openalex.org/W32300376","https://openalex.org/W2617189160","https://openalex.org/W1519862060","https://openalex.org/W1974979356","https://openalex.org/W2084061773","https://openalex.org/W2794917831","https://openalex.org/W2104564563","https://openalex.org/W2013108996"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}