{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1873031373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-54967-6_59","title":"Time analysis, cost equivalence and program refinement","display_name":"Time analysis, cost equivalence and program refinement","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1873031373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-54967-6_59","mag":"1873031373"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-54967-6_59","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-54967-6_59","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082447666","display_name":"David Sands","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6221-0503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802000487","display_name":"Imperial Valley College","ror":"https://ror.org/039kas258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802000487"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Sands","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Imperial College, 180 Queens Gate, SW7 2BZ, London","imperial College"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College, 180 Queens Gate, SW7 2BZ, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"imperial College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000487"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082447666"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802000487","https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6574,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83716368,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"25","last_page":"39"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bisimulation","display_name":"Bisimulation","score":0.7572380304336548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.6411781907081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-equivalence","display_name":"Logical equivalence","score":0.638076901435852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6252832412719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-semantics","display_name":"Operational semantics","score":0.5893524289131165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-calculus","display_name":"Process calculus","score":0.5277945399284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence-relation","display_name":"Equivalence relation","score":0.5120344758033752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4326438307762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-programming","display_name":"Functional programming","score":0.428916335105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.41079461574554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algebra-over-a-field","display_name":"Algebra over a field","score":0.3821623921394348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calculus","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","score":0.3799477815628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.3160809874534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30001986026763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2751251459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.23896968364715576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.14939245581626892}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135315306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866364","display_name":"Bisimulation","level":2,"score":0.7572380304336548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.6411781907081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70846408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220433","display_name":"Logical equivalence","level":3,"score":0.638076901435852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6252832412719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156325763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930895","display_name":"Operational semantics","level":3,"score":0.5893524289131165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161771561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970286","display_name":"Process calculus","level":2,"score":0.5277945399284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156103551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130998","display_name":"Equivalence relation","level":2,"score":0.5120344758033752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4326438307762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42383842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193076","display_name":"Functional programming","level":2,"score":0.428916335105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.41079461574554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136119220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000660","display_name":"Algebra over a field","level":2,"score":0.3821623921394348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777686260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144037","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","level":2,"score":0.3799477815628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3160809874534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30001986026763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2751251459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.23896968364715576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.14939245581626892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-54967-6_59","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-54967-6_59","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13464817","https://openalex.org/W172004165","https://openalex.org/W1543641760","https://openalex.org/W1547562281","https://openalex.org/W1557619244","https://openalex.org/W1559686260","https://openalex.org/W1560351282","https://openalex.org/W1567423028","https://openalex.org/W1584944335","https://openalex.org/W1655990431","https://openalex.org/W1873031373","https://openalex.org/W1973030866","https://openalex.org/W2001748564","https://openalex.org/W2003295303","https://openalex.org/W2003398205","https://openalex.org/W2025033165","https://openalex.org/W2046213250","https://openalex.org/W2046280690","https://openalex.org/W2051600983","https://openalex.org/W2060213695","https://openalex.org/W2103435919","https://openalex.org/W2167949883","https://openalex.org/W2170360634","https://openalex.org/W2313175711","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6637190722"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951374406","https://openalex.org/W4300624557","https://openalex.org/W1532145728","https://openalex.org/W2091970733","https://openalex.org/W3020829080","https://openalex.org/W3081656401","https://openalex.org/W2560421581","https://openalex.org/W4247534063","https://openalex.org/W2166928437","https://openalex.org/W1878907071"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}