{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1597229994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-49208-9_17","title":"Practical Free-Space Quantum Cryptography","display_name":"Practical Free-Space Quantum Cryptography","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1597229994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-49208-9_17","mag":"1597229994"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-49208-9_17","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-49208-9_17","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063749275","display_name":"Richard Hughes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7916-2285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. J. Hughes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023322111","display_name":"W. T. Buttler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-359X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. T. Buttler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038980216","display_name":"Paul G. Kwiat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0019-467X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. G. Kwiat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035458296","display_name":"S. K. Lamoreaux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0242-7799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. K. Lamoreaux","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112632400","display_name":"G. G. Luther","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. G. Luther","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085037385","display_name":"G. L. Morgan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7092-5146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. L. Morgan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030746223","display_name":"J. E. Nordholt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. E. Nordholt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065814378","display_name":"C. G. Peterson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0775-5353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. G. Peterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108503484","display_name":"C. M. Simmons","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. M. Simmons","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, University of California, New Mexico, 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063749275"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1705603,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"200","last_page":"213"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.9068909883499146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7938345670700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.7629146575927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.7424383163452148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.64190673828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-space","display_name":"Key space","score":0.6358133554458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4337577819824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space","display_name":"Free space","score":0.42666101455688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4232063591480255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.41545969247817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3921165466308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.36334240436553955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.33616527915000916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32731544971466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.27105194330215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.20742347836494446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16925594210624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.12793856859207153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.11338156461715698}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.9068909883499146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7938345670700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.7629146575927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.7424383163452148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.64190673828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105322999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1557574","display_name":"Key space","level":3,"score":0.6358133554458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4337577819824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988672794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11475","display_name":"Free space","level":2,"score":0.42666101455688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4232063591480255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.41545969247817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3921165466308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.36334240436553955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.33616527915000916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32731544971466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27105194330215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.20742347836494446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16925594210624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.12793856859207153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.11338156461715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-49208-9_17","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-49208-9_17","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489870749","https://openalex.org/W1515147269","https://openalex.org/W1572982068","https://openalex.org/W1660562555","https://openalex.org/W1964707419","https://openalex.org/W1997102776","https://openalex.org/W2006226307","https://openalex.org/W2007972620","https://openalex.org/W2034936254","https://openalex.org/W2040882982","https://openalex.org/W2043682815","https://openalex.org/W2049471987","https://openalex.org/W2059034879","https://openalex.org/W2060500928","https://openalex.org/W2071832559","https://openalex.org/W2074072681","https://openalex.org/W2092148287","https://openalex.org/W2096599855","https://openalex.org/W2098938772","https://openalex.org/W2101738345","https://openalex.org/W2103363536","https://openalex.org/W2108551367","https://openalex.org/W2154300278","https://openalex.org/W2312844687","https://openalex.org/W2987687226","https://openalex.org/W3037517441","https://openalex.org/W4289126832","https://openalex.org/W4299908858"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294678756","https://openalex.org/W2314334203","https://openalex.org/W4312132309","https://openalex.org/W1993562880","https://openalex.org/W1610853595","https://openalex.org/W2047969991","https://openalex.org/W2129644390","https://openalex.org/W2916069885","https://openalex.org/W4240944159","https://openalex.org/W2147369345"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
