{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1601379374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10","title":"Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail","display_name":"Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1601379374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10","mag":"1601379374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011820318","display_name":"Cynthia Dwork","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-3738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia Dwork","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose","IBM Almaden Research Center,#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center,#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002372704","display_name":"Moni Naor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3381-0221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moni Naor","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose","IBM Almaden Research Center,#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center,#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011820318"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":27.4412,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1280,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99763612,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"139","last_page":"147"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7966229915618896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulo","display_name":"Modulo","score":0.6720179319381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.6069756150245667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5890389680862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prime","display_name":"Prime (order theory)","score":0.5692611336708069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schnorr-signature","display_name":"Schnorr signature","score":0.4458158016204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4343228340148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.42849284410476685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.42038092017173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.2626423239707947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blind-signature","display_name":"Blind signature","score":0.19649487733840942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.15641659498214722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.15184742212295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.150017648935318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.09621554613113403}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7966229915618896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54732982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415345","display_name":"Modulo","level":2,"score":0.6720179319381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6069756150245667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5890389680862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184992742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7243229","display_name":"Prime (order theory)","level":2,"score":0.5692611336708069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124968333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1465057","display_name":"Schnorr signature","level":5,"score":0.4458158016204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4343228340148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.42849284410476685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42038092017173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.2626423239707947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18899389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2736593","display_name":"Blind signature","level":4,"score":0.19649487733840942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.15641659498214722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.15184742212295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.150017648935318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.09621554613113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.397.5512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.397.5512","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~naor/PAPERS/pvp.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.83.7634","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.83.7634","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://research.microsoft.com/research/sv/PennyBlack/junk1.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1230525226","https://openalex.org/W1498993177","https://openalex.org/W1543503103","https://openalex.org/W1580459019","https://openalex.org/W1592578919","https://openalex.org/W1600432225","https://openalex.org/W1984481156","https://openalex.org/W2016477241","https://openalex.org/W2033778422","https://openalex.org/W2047360699","https://openalex.org/W2098801947","https://openalex.org/W2134863191","https://openalex.org/W2156186849","https://openalex.org/W2172433705","https://openalex.org/W2612016383","https://openalex.org/W2752885492","https://openalex.org/W2947000318","https://openalex.org/W3142543186","https://openalex.org/W3145042860","https://openalex.org/W4232263210","https://openalex.org/W4232509250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2177966018","https://openalex.org/W4302423208","https://openalex.org/W3087194925","https://openalex.org/W3104344759","https://openalex.org/W4288118777","https://openalex.org/W3152691454","https://openalex.org/W2128812409","https://openalex.org/W2606299826","https://openalex.org/W2365816844","https://openalex.org/W2366730681"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":119},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":135},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":140},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":29}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
