{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2915593025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-47910-4_21","title":"Design Patterns: Abstraction and Reuse of Object-Oriented Design","display_name":"Design Patterns: Abstraction and Reuse of Object-Oriented Design","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2915593025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-47910-4_21","mag":"2915593025"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-47910-4_21","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-47910-4_21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060805359","display_name":"Erich Gamma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157072","display_name":"Diligent Consulting (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/055mqy429","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157072"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Erich Gamma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Taligent, Inc., 10725 N. De Anza Blvd., Cupertino, CA, 95014-2000, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taligent, Inc., 10725 N. De Anza Blvd., Cupertino, CA, 95014-2000, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157072"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011041108","display_name":"Richard F. Helm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5317-0925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Helm","raw_affiliation_strings":["I.B.M. Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 704, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"I.B.M. Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 704, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105988194","display_name":"Ralph E. Johnson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralph Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1034 W. Springfield Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1034 W. Springfield Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087818401","display_name":"John Vlissides","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Vlissides","raw_affiliation_strings":["I.B.M. Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 704, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"I.B.M. Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 704, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060805359"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157072"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.4737,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":545,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"406","last_page":"431"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10703","display_name":"Business Process Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-design-pattern","display_name":"Software design pattern","score":0.8001763224601746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-oriented-design","display_name":"Object-oriented design","score":0.7470850944519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6954580545425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-pattern","display_name":"Structural pattern","score":0.6135199069976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-pattern","display_name":"Design pattern","score":0.5895571708679199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.498898983001709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.45753031969070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4545312821865082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.429649293422699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-design","display_name":"Software design","score":0.4292137026786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-process","display_name":"Design process","score":0.42694517970085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-language","display_name":"Design language","score":0.41144177317619324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-oriented-programming","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","score":0.39235344529151917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2656251788139343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2561492919921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.24538865685462952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1917528510093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13341078162193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-in-process","display_name":"Work in process","score":0.07554644346237183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146054899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181156","display_name":"Software design pattern","level":3,"score":0.8001763224601746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53073257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075021","display_name":"Object-oriented design","level":3,"score":0.7470850944519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6954580545425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164202143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635280","display_name":"Structural pattern","level":5,"score":0.6135199069976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14501506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5253831","display_name":"Design pattern","level":2,"score":0.5895571708679199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.498898983001709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.45753031969070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4545312821865082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.429649293422699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52913732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857102","display_name":"Software design","level":4,"score":0.4292137026786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48262172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16908765","display_name":"Design process","level":3,"score":0.42694517970085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49777639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5264354","display_name":"Design language","level":2,"score":0.41144177317619324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73752529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79872","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","level":2,"score":0.39235344529151917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2656251788139343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2561492919921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.24538865685462952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1917528510093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13341078162193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174998907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357662","display_name":"Work in process","level":2,"score":0.07554644346237183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-47910-4_21","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-47910-4_21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84820827","https://openalex.org/W1493241261","https://openalex.org/W1507040635","https://openalex.org/W1511357349","https://openalex.org/W1557557006","https://openalex.org/W1569585148","https://openalex.org/W1597063189","https://openalex.org/W1755737423","https://openalex.org/W1868410565","https://openalex.org/W1996974848","https://openalex.org/W2009750086","https://openalex.org/W2013142212","https://openalex.org/W2033337919","https://openalex.org/W2038799287","https://openalex.org/W2039574476","https://openalex.org/W2045723688","https://openalex.org/W2047181711","https://openalex.org/W2058580210","https://openalex.org/W2081052864","https://openalex.org/W2082340512","https://openalex.org/W2087772597","https://openalex.org/W2094228499","https://openalex.org/W2099293367","https://openalex.org/W2133247167","https://openalex.org/W2171252456","https://openalex.org/W2294861651","https://openalex.org/W2503755307","https://openalex.org/W3161432625","https://openalex.org/W3189142755","https://openalex.org/W4252129791","https://openalex.org/W6639198127","https://openalex.org/W6674902093"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037721767","https://openalex.org/W1531468785","https://openalex.org/W4231940311","https://openalex.org/W2075566062","https://openalex.org/W2088322083","https://openalex.org/W4385303825","https://openalex.org/W2183981186","https://openalex.org/W2350603686","https://openalex.org/W4234839859","https://openalex.org/W1554217755"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":26}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
