{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1498641345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45583-3_19","title":"Learning Languages in a Union","display_name":"Learning Languages in a Union","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1498641345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45583-3_19","mag":"1498641345"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-45583-3_19","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45583-3_19","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101627589","display_name":"Sanjay Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6798-8330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore","National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047448762","display_name":"Yen Kaow Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1556-9438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yen Kaow Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore","National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057393686","display_name":"Tiong Seng Tay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiong Seng Tay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore, Singapore","National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2924,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54387849,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"235","last_page":"250"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.719465434551239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disjoint-sets","display_name":"Disjoint sets","score":0.6544678211212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disjoint-union","display_name":"Disjoint union (topology)","score":0.6165670156478882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5938149094581604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5781567692756653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5690057277679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5446407794952393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-family-of-languages","display_name":"Abstract family of languages","score":0.5101030468940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.4493204355239868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-language","display_name":"Regular language","score":0.4353456199169159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-identification","display_name":"Language identification","score":0.4247412085533142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-language","display_name":"Ontology language","score":0.42135533690452576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.3242930769920349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.32138243317604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Second-generation programming language","score":0.23944956064224243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.22052747011184692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21069934964179993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fifth-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Fifth-generation programming language","score":0.1623559594154358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.14420053362846375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automaton","display_name":"Automaton","score":0.08572036027908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.07376644015312195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.07314306497573853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.719465434551239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45340560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215382","display_name":"Disjoint sets","level":2,"score":0.6544678211212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7655956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282259","display_name":"Disjoint union (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6165670156478882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5938149094581604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5781567692756653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5690057277679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5446407794952393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199163288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3065587","display_name":"Abstract family of languages","level":5,"score":0.5101030468940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.4493204355239868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52370388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752532","display_name":"Regular language","level":3,"score":0.4353456199169159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.4247412085533142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61673122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7095059","display_name":"Ontology language","level":3,"score":0.42135533690452576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.3242930769920349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.32138243317604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11164408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18657800","display_name":"Second-generation programming language","level":4,"score":0.23944956064224243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.22052747011184692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21069934964179993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199305712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3205914","display_name":"Fifth-generation programming language","level":3,"score":0.1623559594154358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.14420053362846375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.08572036027908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.07376644015312195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.07314306497573853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-45583-3_19","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45583-3_19","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W166170480","https://openalex.org/W1490571023","https://openalex.org/W1551490960","https://openalex.org/W1579679926","https://openalex.org/W1602916403","https://openalex.org/W1608254878","https://openalex.org/W1632759684","https://openalex.org/W1969005071","https://openalex.org/W1993931385","https://openalex.org/W1999702610","https://openalex.org/W2019001600","https://openalex.org/W2050292730","https://openalex.org/W2059852278","https://openalex.org/W2067748079","https://openalex.org/W2073020732","https://openalex.org/W2089442854","https://openalex.org/W2110917011","https://openalex.org/W2117832390","https://openalex.org/W2131576593","https://openalex.org/W2766354054","https://openalex.org/W3006102177","https://openalex.org/W4240676955","https://openalex.org/W4243182310","https://openalex.org/W4249034801"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017318974","https://openalex.org/W1998380256","https://openalex.org/W4254878942","https://openalex.org/W1979564497","https://openalex.org/W2105739157","https://openalex.org/W2591138383","https://openalex.org/W1540583425","https://openalex.org/W2240836793","https://openalex.org/W2401977311","https://openalex.org/W153364559"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
