{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1877305974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45486-1_5","title":"Expanding the Type Hierarchy with Nonlexical Concepts","display_name":"Expanding the Type Hierarchy with Nonlexical Concepts","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1877305974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45486-1_5","mag":"1877305974"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-45486-1_5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45486-1_5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030122864","display_name":"Caroline Barri\u00e8re","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Barri\u00e8re","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, K1N 6N5","University of Ottawa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, K1N 6N5","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ottawa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012783442","display_name":"Fred Popowich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3403-9718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fred Popowich","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6","Simon Fraser University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simon Fraser University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14684103,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"53","last_page":"68"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12353","display_name":"Lexicography and Language Studies","score":0.9761999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.7178092002868652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.5580610036849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.3216680586338043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.21376672387123108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.17400100827217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12027484178543091}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.7178092002868652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5580610036849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3216680586338043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.21376672387123108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.17400100827217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12027484178543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-45486-1_5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45486-1_5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55418","https://openalex.org/W22731519","https://openalex.org/W1493596129","https://openalex.org/W1541168100","https://openalex.org/W1595779392","https://openalex.org/W1598467507","https://openalex.org/W2009467965","https://openalex.org/W2040714828","https://openalex.org/W2066160877","https://openalex.org/W2071032380","https://openalex.org/W2100653055","https://openalex.org/W2102381086","https://openalex.org/W2111108424","https://openalex.org/W2117805756","https://openalex.org/W2127278109","https://openalex.org/W2157954793","https://openalex.org/W2181698829","https://openalex.org/W2247485891","https://openalex.org/W2505312721","https://openalex.org/W2595691884","https://openalex.org/W2788179924","https://openalex.org/W2989733306","https://openalex.org/W4233931127","https://openalex.org/W4381925011","https://openalex.org/W6632259520","https://openalex.org/W6635755379","https://openalex.org/W6770073058"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2365264209","https://openalex.org/W2509431957","https://openalex.org/W2026999166","https://openalex.org/W1599954583","https://openalex.org/W4211007821","https://openalex.org/W2802395037","https://openalex.org/W4389565704","https://openalex.org/W1996802783","https://openalex.org/W3207031006","https://openalex.org/W1976216854"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}