{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1520381353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45164-1_32","title":"Measuring Performance when Positives Are Rare: Relative Advantage versus Predictive Accuracy \u2014 A Biological Case-Study","display_name":"Measuring Performance when Positives Are Rare: Relative Advantage versus Predictive Accuracy \u2014 A Biological Case-Study","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1520381353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45164-1_32","mag":"1520381353"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-45164-1_32","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45164-1_32","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F3-540-45164-1_32.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F3-540-45164-1_32.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076917665","display_name":"Stephen Muggleton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6061-6104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen H. Muggleton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058693957","display_name":"Christopher H. Bryant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9002-8343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher H. Bryant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103083219","display_name":"Ashwin Srinivasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4911-0038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashwin Srinivasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Laboratory, Oxford University, Wolfson Building, Oxford, OX1 3QD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Laboratory, Oxford University, Wolfson Building, Oxford, OX1 3QD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076917665"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1266276,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"300","last_page":"312"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.8074914216995239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7583308219909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positives-and-false-negatives","display_name":"False positives and false negatives","score":0.59999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.598703145980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5585169792175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/true-positive-rate","display_name":"True positive rate","score":0.4875011146068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.46500974893569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.44848310947418213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.4459743797779083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1293884813785553}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.8074914216995239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7583308219909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112789634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18207010","display_name":"False positives and false negatives","level":3,"score":0.59999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.598703145980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5585169792175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989486834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3808900","display_name":"True positive rate","level":2,"score":0.4875011146068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.46500974893569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.44848310947418213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.4459743797779083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1293884813785553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-45164-1_32","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45164-1_32","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F3-540-45164-1_32.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:usir.salford.ac.uk:1764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/1764/1/bryant_ecml2k.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401501","display_name":"University of Salford Institutional Repository (University of Salford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I54459138","host_organization_name":"University of Salford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Book Section"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.34.1990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.34.1990","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.cs.york.ac.uk/pub/aig/Papers/bryant/bryant_ecml2k.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.392.3134","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.392.3134","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://usir.salford.ac.uk/1764/1/bryant_ecml2k.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-45164-1_32","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45164-1_32","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F3-540-45164-1_32.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1361938442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1520381353.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1520381353.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498183065","https://openalex.org/W1977046142","https://openalex.org/W2009570821","https://openalex.org/W2119831128","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2162061564","https://openalex.org/W2171091522","https://openalex.org/W2171338658","https://openalex.org/W4213299189","https://openalex.org/W4236018658","https://openalex.org/W4245668478","https://openalex.org/W6629670641"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557094818","https://openalex.org/W2183246718","https://openalex.org/W4287692494","https://openalex.org/W2099261052","https://openalex.org/W1973412793","https://openalex.org/W3129715955","https://openalex.org/W2951146195","https://openalex.org/W3047594718","https://openalex.org/W2160907113","https://openalex.org/W3119537175"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,48,52,70,92,117,148],"new":[4,71],"method":[5],"of":[6,26,28,36,54,120,139,160],"measuring":[7],"performance":[8,121],"when":[9],"positives":[10],"are":[11,19,146],"rare":[12],"and":[13,69,107],"investigates":[14],"whether":[15],"Chomsky-like":[16],"grammar":[17,49],"representations":[18],"useful":[20],"for":[21,50,83,105,110,122],"learning":[22,34],"accurate":[23],"comprehensible":[24],"predictors":[25],"members":[27],"biological":[29,111],"sequence":[30],"families.":[31],"The":[32,77],"positive-only":[33],"framework":[35],"the":[37,144,161],"Inductive":[38],"Logic":[39],"Programming":[40],"(ILP)":[41],"system":[42],"CProgol":[43],"is":[44,63,94,115],"used":[45],"to":[46],"generate":[47],"recognising":[51],"class":[53],"proteins":[55,104],"known":[56],"as":[57,91],"human":[58],"neuropeptide":[59],"precursors":[60],"(NPPs).":[61],"Performance":[62],"measured":[64],"using":[65,86],"both":[66],"predictive":[67,153],"accuracy":[68,114,154],"cost":[72],"function,":[73],"Relative":[74],"Advantage":[75],"(RA).":[76],"RA":[78],"results":[79],"show":[80],"that":[81],"searching":[82],"NPPs":[84],"by":[85,152],"our":[87],"best":[88],"NPP":[89,132],"predictor":[90],"filter":[93],"more":[95,99],"than":[96,101],"100":[97],"times":[98],"efficient":[100],"randomly":[102],"selecting":[103],"synthesis":[106],"testing":[108],"them":[109],"activity.":[112],"Predictive":[113],"not":[116,128],"good":[118],"measure":[119],"this":[123],"domain":[124],"because":[125,155],"it":[126],"does":[127],"discriminate":[129],"well":[130],"between":[131],"recognition":[133],"models:":[134],"despite":[135],"covering":[136],"varying":[137],"numbers":[138],"(the":[140],"rare)":[141],"positives,":[142],"all":[143,157],"models":[145],"awarded":[147],"similar":[149],"(high)":[150],"score":[151],"they":[156],"exclude":[158],"most":[159],"abundant":[162],"negatives.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
