{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2112954636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45110-2_63","title":"Convergence of Program Fitness Landscapes","display_name":"Convergence of Program Fitness Landscapes","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2112954636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45110-2_63","mag":"2112954636"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-45110-2_63","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45110-2_63","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112258107","display_name":"William B. Langdon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"W. B. Langdon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University College, London, Gower Street, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University College, London, Gower Street, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112258107"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5323,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83706499,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1702","last_page":"1714"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9544000029563904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-landscape","display_name":"Fitness landscape","score":0.784592866897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.7436710000038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7096160650253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.6261837482452393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-approximation","display_name":"Fitness approximation","score":0.5537081956863403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5528858304023743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-programming","display_name":"Linear programming","score":0.5071957111358643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.46830499172210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.4287649393081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutation","display_name":"Mutation","score":0.4152897000312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33045390248298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29034680128097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2338148057460785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-function","display_name":"Fitness function","score":0.21649599075317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.15262097120285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.0688258707523346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.06273221969604492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91852762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307742","display_name":"Fitness landscape","level":3,"score":0.784592866897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.7436710000038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7096160650253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6261837482452393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148392497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16250539","display_name":"Fitness approximation","level":4,"score":0.5537081956863403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5528858304023743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.5071957111358643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.46830499172210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4287649393081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501734568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42918","display_name":"Mutation","level":3,"score":0.4152897000312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33045390248298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29034680128097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2338148057460785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176066374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629118","display_name":"Fitness function","level":3,"score":0.21649599075317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.15262097120285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0688258707523346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.06273221969604492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-45110-2_63","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45110-2_63","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.375.2337","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.375.2337","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/rts/docs/GECCO_2003/papers/2724/27241702.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.7.3196","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.7.3196","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://cs.ucl.ac.uk/genetic/papers/wbl_gecco2003.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.96.8754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.96.8754","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/W.Langdon/ftp/papers/wbl_gecco2003.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:124575","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/124575/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"In: Cant\u00fa-Paz, E and Foster, JA and Deb, K and Davis, L and Roy, R and O'Reilly, U-M and Beyer, H-G and Standish, RK and Kendall, G and Wilson, SW and Harman, M and Wegener, J and Dasgupta, D and Potter, MA and Schultz, AC and Dowsland, KA and Jonoska, N and Miller, JF, (eds.) (pp. pp. 1702-1714). Springer (2003)","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98056105","https://openalex.org/W1482448754","https://openalex.org/W1487901312","https://openalex.org/W1495813531","https://openalex.org/W1545092162","https://openalex.org/W1568834902","https://openalex.org/W1569757501","https://openalex.org/W1588233806","https://openalex.org/W1589720045","https://openalex.org/W1714918242","https://openalex.org/W2027945080","https://openalex.org/W2098882008","https://openalex.org/W2100604298","https://openalex.org/W2136765624","https://openalex.org/W2621134701","https://openalex.org/W3098058310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036107212","https://openalex.org/W2164084664","https://openalex.org/W1591022951","https://openalex.org/W2159937791","https://openalex.org/W2138958036","https://openalex.org/W4225245892","https://openalex.org/W56491333","https://openalex.org/W2118255470","https://openalex.org/W4286619620","https://openalex.org/W1562117546"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
