{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912341770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44732-6_46","title":"Automated Biometrics","display_name":"Automated Biometrics","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912341770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44732-6_46","mag":"2912341770"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-44732-6_46","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44732-6_46","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003836761","display_name":"Nalini Ratha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7913-5722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nalini K. Ratha","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P. O. Box 704, 10598, Yorktown Heights, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P. O. Box 704, 10598, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079708487","display_name":"Andrew Senior","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2401-5691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Senior","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P. O. Box 704, 10598, Yorktown Heights, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P. O. Box 704, 10598, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071236098","display_name":"Ruud M. Bolle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1611-2755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruud M. Bolle","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P. O. Box 704, 10598, Yorktown Heights, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P. O. Box 704, 10598, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003836761"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"],"apc_list":{"value":5000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":5392},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2426,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88168558,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"447","last_page":"455"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.9100459218025208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8124489784240723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.7905328273773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iris-recognition","display_name":"Iris recognition","score":0.5381911993026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.5307051539421082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4754623770713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.46883267164230347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.4523232877254486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4438271224498749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.43726375699043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.42849984765052795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4220365285873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3511991798877716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.256063312292099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11849403381347656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.9100459218025208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8124489784240723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.7905328273773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112356035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1672722","display_name":"Iris recognition","level":3,"score":0.5381911993026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.5307051539421082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4754623770713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.46883267164230347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.4523232877254486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4438271224498749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.43726375699043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42849984765052795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4220365285873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3511991798877716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.256063312292099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11849403381347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/3-540-44732-6_46","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44732-6_46","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106296714","display_name":"Lecture notes in computer science","issn_l":"0302-9743","issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.72.5355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.72.5355","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.research.ibm.com/people/a/aws/documents/papers/icapr01.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2912341770","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=685277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419116","display_name":"International Conference on Advances in Pattern Recognition","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Advances in Pattern Recognition","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163774565","https://openalex.org/W269917250","https://openalex.org/W1547067783","https://openalex.org/W1566181741","https://openalex.org/W1664547674","https://openalex.org/W1769974409","https://openalex.org/W1838773786","https://openalex.org/W1967790662","https://openalex.org/W1980148047","https://openalex.org/W1982164416","https://openalex.org/W1998991383","https://openalex.org/W2006572133","https://openalex.org/W2012352340","https://openalex.org/W2040179990","https://openalex.org/W2046992582","https://openalex.org/W2062219129","https://openalex.org/W2090242388","https://openalex.org/W2094214226","https://openalex.org/W2095683621","https://openalex.org/W2102796633","https://openalex.org/W2108007560","https://openalex.org/W2113341759","https://openalex.org/W2115689562","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2135463994","https://openalex.org/W2135668224","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2146555731","https://openalex.org/W2154576060","https://openalex.org/W2156662175","https://openalex.org/W2157616159","https://openalex.org/W2171759622","https://openalex.org/W2173637895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140959843","https://openalex.org/W2094214226","https://openalex.org/W2129244720","https://openalex.org/W1499649359","https://openalex.org/W1997460147","https://openalex.org/W3000615308","https://openalex.org/W2341614611","https://openalex.org/W2158275940","https://openalex.org/W2127884747","https://openalex.org/W2061272711","https://openalex.org/W2971091274","https://openalex.org/W2910075907","https://openalex.org/W2247785016","https://openalex.org/W2248927208","https://openalex.org/W2169403998","https://openalex.org/W2167583984","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2131991463","https://openalex.org/W2062219129","https://openalex.org/W2051085717"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
